Navegando por Autor "Haddad, Fernando"
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Item Biological control of coffee rust by antagonistic bacteria under field conditions in Brazil(Biological Control, 2009-02-13) Haddad, Fernando; Maffia, Luiz A.; Mizubuti, Eduardo S. G.; Teixeira, HudsonRust (Hemileia vastatrix) is the most important coffee disease in Brazil. Organic coffee production has increased in the country and a research program aimed to develop alternatives to chemicals for disease control was required. Seven bacterial isolates, isolated from organic coffee plantings and selected in greenhouse tests, were evaluated under commercial organic crop conditions in 2005 (Experiment 1) and 2005/2006 (Experiment 2), in Machado, MG, Brazil. Ten treatments consisting of the seven bacterial isolates, copper hydroxide, calcium silicate and water were applied as three or four monthly sprays in Experiment 1 or 2, respectively. Rust severity and incidence were evaluated monthly. In Experiment 1, the sprays started in January when rust incidence was 23.8%, and none of the treatments reduced rust progress significantly. In Experiment 2, the sprays began in November 2005, when rust incidence was approximately 7.5%. There were significant differences (P < 0.0001) between treatments regarding maximum incidence and severity (as assessed in June, 2006), the rate of increase of the incidence between November 2005 and June 2006 and for the areas under disease progress curves for both rust incidence and severity. Lower values for these treatments were obtained in the plots treated with copper hydroxide or Bacillus sp. isolate B157, and intermediate values with the Pseudomonas sp. isolate P286. In a third experiment conducted in 2007 in Ervália, MG, isolates B157 and P286 were also evaluated; isolate B157 reduced rust intensity as effectively as copper hydroxide. Isolate B157 is considered a potential biocontrol agent for coffee rust for organic crop systems in Brazil.Item Controle biológico da ferrugem do cafeeiro(Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2008-03-12) Haddad, Fernando; Mizubuti, Eduardo Seiti Gomide; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4785633J8; Romeiro, Reginaldo da Silva; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783791J6; Maffia, Luiz Antônio; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783229P9; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4762378T2; Alfenas, Acelino Couto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2514320654462590; Teixeira, Hudson; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4791813Z1; Pereira, Antonio Alves; http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4780579Y1Este trabalho integra um programa de controle biológico da ferrugem (Hemileia vastatrix, Hv) em cafezais orgânicos. Em duas lavouras, durante 3 anos, compararam-se isolados bacterianos. O B157 (Bacillus sp.) e o P286 (Pseudomonas sp.) reduziram a intensidade da doença em relação à testemunha; a eficiência do B157 foi similar à de hidróxido de cobre. Para definir mecanismo(s) de antagonismo, após cultivar cada isolado em meio líquido 523 de Kado & Heskett, compararam-se os tratamentos: i-caldo do cultivo; ii- sobrenadante da centrifugação; iii-células centrifugadas ressuspensas em solução salina; iv-células inativadas por radiação ultravioleta; v-meio 523; e vi-solução salina. A germinação de urediniósporos e a severidade da ferrugem decresceram nos tratamentos i a iii. Aplicou-se cada isolado em diferentes concentrações e intervalos de tempo antes de inocular Hv em folhas. A eficiência de controle reduziu-se nas concentrações menores e nos intervalos maiores. Os isolados não protegeram mudas de infecções por Cercospora coffeicola. Houve proteção a Hv com aplicação dos isolados e inoculação de Hv nas mesmas folhas, mas não com aplicação e inoculação separadas espacialmente. Estudou-se a sobrevivência de B157 no filoplano de cafeeiros, em casa de vegetação e campo. Pulverizou-se suspensão, semanalmente amostraram-se folhas e determinou-se o número de unidades formadoras de colônia em meio seletivo. A população decresceu já na primeira semana pós-aplicação, mais abruptamente no campo, mas recuperaram-se colônias até 30 dias após aplicação. Para avaliar o efeito de fungicidas cúpricos na sobrevivência, pulverizou-se hidróxido de cobre em mudas em casa de vegetação e sulfato de cobre em cafeeiros adultos no campo. Após 30 dias, pulverizaram-se células de B157. Nos dois locais, ambos os fungicidas reduziram a população de B157 ao longo do tempo. Como conclusão, o isolado B157 de Bacillus sp. exerce antibiose a Hv e pode controlar a ferrugem em cultivos orgânicos de cafeeiro. Não se deve alternar pulverizações do isolado e de fungicidas cúpricos, a não ser que, em calendários de pulverizações, inicialmente aplique-se a bactéria.Item Isolation and selection of Hemileia vastatrix antagonists(European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2014-04-21) Haddad, Fernando; Saraiva, Rodrigo M.; Mizubuti, Eduardo S. G.; Romeiro, Reginaldo S.; Maffia, Luiz A.Organic coffee growing is rapidly increasing in Brazil, and many diseases, especially coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix), are threatening its production. This study is a first step towards a biocontrol program for coffee rust on organically grown plants. In three organic coffee farms in the state of Minas Gerais, 393 microbial strains including 154 bacterial and 239 fungal strains were isolated from leaves, leaf debris, and soil samples, and in 6 month-old coffee plants, 17 of these isolates reduced both the infection frequency (IF) and the number of H. vastatrix urediniospores produced per leaf (UPL) by more than 70 %. The isolates were identified as eight bacteria isolates, seven Bacillus spp. and one Pseudomonas sp., and nine fungal isolates, four Fusarium spp., two Penicillium spp., one Aspergillus sp., one Acremonium sp. and one Cladosporium sp. Each fungal and bacterial isolate was applied 0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 days before and 0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 days after H. vastatrix inoculation, and the efficiency in reducing both IF and UPL was evaluated. The efficiency was higher and lasted longer when the bacterial isolates were applied before H. vastatrix inoculation. Six Bacillus (B10, B25, B143, B157, B171, B175), two Fusarium (F205, F281), and one Pseudomonas (B286) isolates are potentially efficient as biocontrol agents of H. vastatrix and will be tested using field experiments.Item Validation of decision support systems for tomato early blight and potato late blight, under Brazilian conditions(Crop Protection, 2006-07) Batista, D. C.; Lima, Marcello Arrais; Haddad, Fernando; Maffia, Luiz Antônio; Mizubuti, E. S. G.Early and late blight are the most important foliar diseases of tomato and potato crops in Brazil. Decision support systems (DSS) are important tools in reducing the large amount of fungicides applied to suppress disease intensity. Systems developed for early or late blight were validated in two cropping seasons under Brazilian conditions. For tomato early blight, FAST, CUFAST, and TOMCAST systems were compared in the spring–summer (September–December) (SS) 2002 and summer–autumn (January–April) (SA) 2003. In both seasons, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values for FAST (123.2 and 340.3, respectively) and CUFAST (64.0 and 359.2, respectively) did not differ from calendar-based treated plots (82.5 and 225.7, respectively). Plots treated according to TOMCAST were sprayed once and AUDPC values (369.9 and 697.8) in SS and SA seasons, respectively, did not differ from the control plots (397.5 and 836.0, respectively). In SS, four fungicide sprays were recommended by CUFAST and FAST, whereas five were set by fixed calendar treatment; there were no differences in yield loss among treatments. In SA, FAST, CUFAST and calendar, recommended 4, 9, and 11 sprays, respectively. Higher yields were recorded in plots sprayed according to the calendar system compared to control plots, but there were no significant differences between the DSS and the calendar system. For potato late blight, BLITECAST, SIMCAST, NegFry, and Wallin systems were compared in the summer (December–March) and in the autumn (March–June). Despite no late blight developing in the summer, all systems recommended fungicide sprays. In the autumn–winter, late blight was severe but was reduced by fungicide applications according to all DSS, but the number of sprays was similar to the calendar. The AUDPC values in control plots (1193.5) were higher than BLITECAST (19.5), SIMCAST (97.7), NegFry (193.1), Wallin (69.7), and calendar (63.5) but there were no differences among AUDPC values in plots treated according to DSS. The NegFry and Wallin systems recommended five and the calendar six sprays. All DSS were as effective as the calendar treatment in reducing AUDPC. FAST and Wallin were the most effective systems in forecasting tomato early blight and potato late blight, respectively. Decision support systems are potentially useful tools for integrated management of both diseases in Brazil.