Padrões alimentares e fatores associados em crianças pré-púberes (Estudo PASE)
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2018-07-16
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
O excesso de peso infantil é considerado um grave problema de saúde pública. Dentre os vários fatores associados ao excesso de peso e às doenças crônicas, a dieta consiste em um fator modificável. A identificação de padrões alimentares (PA) é amplamente utilizada nos estudos populacionais e tem sido útil para identificar a associação entre dieta e diferentes desfechos em saúde. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os padrões alimentares e suas associações com as características sociodemográficas, comportamentais, cardiometabólicas, inflamatórias e imunológicas em crianças. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 378 crianças de 8 e 9 anos, matriculadas em escolas urbanas públicas e privadas do município de Viçosa-MG. As variáveis sociodemográficas foram avaliadas pela aplicação de questionário semiestruturado, testado em estudo piloto. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por três recordatórios 24 horas, aplicados em dias não consecutivos, sendo um referente ao final de semana. Os alimentos consumidos pelas crianças foram agrupados conforme a semelhança nutricional, considerando as possíveis hipóteses nas relações dieta- doença. O estado nutricional foi avaliado pelo índice de massa corporal e pelo percentual de gordura corporal total, avaliado pelo DEXA. Os perímetros da cintura e do pescoço foram aferidos com fita métrica inelástica. Com os dados da cintura e da estatura, foi calculada a relação cintura/estatura. Foram analisadas as concentrações séricas de colesterol total e frações, triglicerídeos, glicose e insulina de jejum, ácido úrico, proteína C reativa ultra- sensível, leptina, homocisteína, apolipoproteína A1 e B, e células brancas. Conforme a distribuição das variáveis, os testes paramétricos e não paramétricos foram realizados. As variáveis foram testadas nos modelos ajustados de regressão quando apresentaram associação com o desfecho na análise univariada (p<0,20). O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. As análises dos PA foram realizadas pela Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). Cinco PA foram identificados: PA não saudável, PA lanche, PA tradicional, PA industrializado e PA saudável. O PA não saudável esteve associado ao sexo masculino (OR: 2,35; IC95%: 1,35- 4,10), à maior escolaridade materna (OR: 2,09; IC95%: 1,12-3,90), ao comportamento sedentário (OR:1,93; IC95%: 1,04-3,58) e às concentrações aumentadas de leucócitos e monócitos. O padrão lanche esteve inversamente associado a omissão do café da manhã (OR: 0,26; IC95%: 0,13-0,55), à presença da criança em escola privada (OR:0,21; IC95%: 0,08-0,49), à prevalência de hipercolesterolemia (RP: 0,50; IC95%: 0,28-0,88) e ao LDL-c aumentado (RP: 0,40; IC95%: 0,19-0,84). Porém, esteve diretamente associado a hiperglicemia (RP: 1,07; IC95%: 2,93-3,87). Houve associação do maior consumo do PA tradicional com as concentrações séricas aumentadas de PCR-us (RP: 2,49; IC95%: 1,30- 4,74) e de leucócitos (RP: 1,75; IC95%: 1,06-2,89). No entanto, a menor adesão a este PA esteve associada ao excesso de gordura corporal (RP:1,32; IC95%: 1,01-1,72), à maior escolaridade materna (OR: 2,19; IC95%: 1,20-4,02) e ao tipo de escola (privada) (OR: 3,80; IC95%: 1,73-8,37). O PA industrializado associou-se à omissão do café da manhã (OR: 2,03; IC95%: 1,07-3,85), à prática de realizar as refeições em frente a televisão ou computador (OR:1,76; IC95%: 1,02-3,01), ao excesso de peso (RP:1,38; IC95%: 1,02-1,87) e de gordura corporal (RP:1,32; IC95%: 1,07-1,64), e à hiperglicemia (RP: 4,55; IC95%: 1,28-16,14). O menor consumo do PA saudável esteve associado ao baixo HDL-c (RP: 1,52; IC95%: 1,01- 2,28). Conclui-se que os PA obesogênicos (não-saudável e industrializado) estiveram associados a maior escolaridade materna, a estilo de vida inadequados e ao maior risco cardiometabólico, inflamatório e imunológico nas crianças. Esses resultados são importantes para que avaliações precoces do hábito alimentar de crianças e de suas famílias sejam realizadas por profissionais de saúde, como monitoramento do estado de saúde, para prevenção de doenças e comorbidades associadas.
Overweight is considered a serious public health problem. Among the various factors associated with overweight and chronic diseases, diet consists of a modifiable factor. The identification of dietary patterns (DP) is widely used in population studies and has been useful in identifying the association between diet and different health outcomes. In this sense, the objective of this study was to identify the eating patterns and their associations with the sociodemographic, behavioral, cardiometabolic, inflammatory and immunological characteristics in children. This is a cross-sectional study, with 378 children aged 8 and 9 enrolled in public and private urban schools in the municipality of Viçosa-MG. The sociodemographic variables were evaluated by the application of a semi-structured questionnaire, tested in a pilot study. Food consumption was evaluated by three 24-hour reminders, applied on non-consecutive days, one referring to the weekend. The foods consumed by the children were grouped according to nutritional similarity, considering the possible hypotheses in diet-disease relations. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index and percentage of total body fat, as assessed by DXA. The waist and neck perimeters were measured with an inelastic tape measure. With waist and height data, the waist-to-height ratio was calculated. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, glucose and fasting insulin, uric acid, ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein, leptin, homocysteine, apolipoprotein A1 and B, and white cells were analyzed. According to the distribution of variables, parametric and non-parametric tests were performed. The variables were tested in the adjusted regression models when they were associated with the outcome in the univariate analysis (p<0.20). The level of significance was 5%. DP analyzes were performed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Five DPs were identified: unhealthy DP, snacking DP, traditional DP, industrialized DP and healthy DP. Unhealthy DP was associated with male (OR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.35-4.10), higher maternal schooling (OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.12-3.90), to sedentary behavior (OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.04-3.58), and to increased leukocyte and monocyte concentrations. The snack pattern was inversely associated with breakfast omission (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.13-0.55), presence of the child in a private school (OR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0, 08- 0,49), the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (PR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.28-0.88) and increased LDL-c (PR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19-0,84). However, it was directly associated with hyperglycemia (PR: 1.07; 95% CI: 2.93-3.87). There was an association between the higher consumption of traditional DP and increased serum levels of hs-CRP (PR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.30-4.74) and leukocytes (PR: 1.75, 95% CI: 06-289). However, the lower adherence to this DP was associated with excess body fat (PR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.01-1.72), higher maternal schooling (OR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1,20-4.02) and the type of school (private) (OR: 3.80; 95% CI: 1.73-8.37). The industrialized DP was associated with the omission of breakfast (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.07-3.85), the practice of eating meals in front of a television or computer (OR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.02-3.01), to overweight (PR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.02-1.87) and body fat (PR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1,07-164), and hyperglycemia (PR: 4.55, 95% CI: 1.28-16.14). The lower consumption of healthy DP was associated with low HDL-c (PR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.01-2.28). It was concluded that obesogenic (unhealthy and industrialized) PAs were associated with higher maternal schooling, inadequate lifestyle and increased cardiometabolic, inflammatory and immunological risk in children. These results are important so that early evaluations of the dietary habits of children and their families are carried out by health professionals, such as health status monitoring, disease prevention and associated comorbidities.
Overweight is considered a serious public health problem. Among the various factors associated with overweight and chronic diseases, diet consists of a modifiable factor. The identification of dietary patterns (DP) is widely used in population studies and has been useful in identifying the association between diet and different health outcomes. In this sense, the objective of this study was to identify the eating patterns and their associations with the sociodemographic, behavioral, cardiometabolic, inflammatory and immunological characteristics in children. This is a cross-sectional study, with 378 children aged 8 and 9 enrolled in public and private urban schools in the municipality of Viçosa-MG. The sociodemographic variables were evaluated by the application of a semi-structured questionnaire, tested in a pilot study. Food consumption was evaluated by three 24-hour reminders, applied on non-consecutive days, one referring to the weekend. The foods consumed by the children were grouped according to nutritional similarity, considering the possible hypotheses in diet-disease relations. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index and percentage of total body fat, as assessed by DXA. The waist and neck perimeters were measured with an inelastic tape measure. With waist and height data, the waist-to-height ratio was calculated. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, glucose and fasting insulin, uric acid, ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein, leptin, homocysteine, apolipoprotein A1 and B, and white cells were analyzed. According to the distribution of variables, parametric and non-parametric tests were performed. The variables were tested in the adjusted regression models when they were associated with the outcome in the univariate analysis (p<0.20). The level of significance was 5%. DP analyzes were performed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Five DPs were identified: unhealthy DP, snacking DP, traditional DP, industrialized DP and healthy DP. Unhealthy DP was associated with male (OR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.35-4.10), higher maternal schooling (OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.12-3.90), to sedentary behavior (OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.04-3.58), and to increased leukocyte and monocyte concentrations. The snack pattern was inversely associated with breakfast omission (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.13-0.55), presence of the child in a private school (OR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0, 08- 0,49), the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (PR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.28-0.88) and increased LDL-c (PR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19-0,84). However, it was directly associated with hyperglycemia (PR: 1.07; 95% CI: 2.93-3.87). There was an association between the higher consumption of traditional DP and increased serum levels of hs-CRP (PR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.30-4.74) and leukocytes (PR: 1.75, 95% CI: 06-289). However, the lower adherence to this DP was associated with excess body fat (PR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.01-1.72), higher maternal schooling (OR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1,20-4.02) and the type of school (private) (OR: 3.80; 95% CI: 1.73-8.37). The industrialized DP was associated with the omission of breakfast (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.07-3.85), the practice of eating meals in front of a television or computer (OR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.02-3.01), to overweight (PR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.02-1.87) and body fat (PR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1,07-164), and hyperglycemia (PR: 4.55, 95% CI: 1.28-16.14). The lower consumption of healthy DP was associated with low HDL-c (PR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.01-2.28). It was concluded that obesogenic (unhealthy and industrialized) PAs were associated with higher maternal schooling, inadequate lifestyle and increased cardiometabolic, inflammatory and immunological risk in children. These results are important so that early evaluations of the dietary habits of children and their families are carried out by health professionals, such as health status monitoring, disease prevention and associated comorbidities.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Crianças - Nutrição, Comportamento alimentar, Sistema cardiovascular - Doenças
Citação
ROCHA, Naruna Pereira. Padrões alimentares e fatores associados em crianças pré-púberes (Estudo PASE). 2018. 133 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência da Nutrição) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2018.