Aplicação de calcário, gesso agrícola e fósforo afeta o metabolismo vegetal de plantas de tomate: um estudo ecofisiológico
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Um dos maiores desafios das últimas décadas é fornecer alimentos suficientes para alimentar a crescente população mundial; ao mesmo tempo que os recursos de água doce disponíveis para a agricultura se tornam limitados. No entanto, a gestão eficaz para aumentar a eficiência de uso dos nutrientes também tem um papel fundamental para melhorar a qualidade e a quantidade da produção. Estratégias combinadas de manejo de água e solo podem ser práticas de combate importantes para superar esses desafios. O déficit hídrico controlado é uma técnica utilizada para economizar água, aumentar a eficiência do uso da água e de nutrientes nas plantas. Esta prática pode ser potencializada quando combinada com o manejo do solo. Além disso, a melhoria da arquitetura do sistema radicular e a melhoria da absorção de água e nutrientes em zonas mais profundas podem ser alcançadas através da aplicação de fósforo em profundidade. No entanto, há escassez de estudos que avaliem o efeito integrado de diferentes práticas de manejo de água e solo na arquitetura do sistema radicular, variáveis fotossintéticas, variáveis de estresse oxidativo e acúmulo de solutos compatíveis de tomateiro destinado à indústria. Diante do exposto, a presente tese possui dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes frequências de irrigação diária (I1) e a cada sete dias (I7) e manejos de solo com aplicação exclusiva de calcário (SM1); calcário + gesso agrícola (SM2); calcário + gesso agrícola + fósforo aplicado em profundidade (SM3) no aprofundamento radicular e como esta característica poderia alterar o potencial hídrico foliar, a fotossíntese e a produção do tomateiro. A frequência I7 combinada com o manejo de solo SM3 aumentou a arquitetura do sistema radicular em profundidade, melhorou o estado hídrico da planta, aprimorou as trocas gasosas e, consequentemente, aumentou a produtividade de frutos de tomate. Com relação ao segundo capítulo o objetivo foi avaliar ao longo do dia o papel benéfico do uso integrado da calcário, gesso agrícola e fósforo aplicado em profundidade na biossíntese de pigmentos fotossintéticos, fotossíntese, biossíntese de prolina e alívio do estresse oxidativo causados pelo déficit de irrigação controlado em plantas de tomate. As estratégias de solo calcário + gesso agrícola (SM2); calcário + gesso agrícola + fósforo aplicado em profundidade (SM3) combinadas a frequência de irrigação de sete dias (I7) melhorou o declínio no índice de clorofilas e fotossíntese ao longo do dia. O acúmulo de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), prolina e o conteúdo de componentes antioxidantes não enzimáticos também foram reduzidas com uso de SM2 e SM3 tanto em condições de irrigação diária como em sete dias. Esses resultados reforçam o potencial uso das estratégias de manejo do solo SM2 e SM3 combinadas com irrigação de sete dias, promovendo maior produtividade e resiliência a condições ambientais adversas em plantas de tomate cultivadas a campo. Palavras-chave: estresse abiótico; fotossíntese; manejo do solo; irrigação com déficit regulado; Solanum lycopersicum L.
One of the biggest challenges of recent decades is providing enough food to feed the world's growing population, while at the same time freshwater resources available for agriculture become limited. However, effective management to increase nutrient use efficiency also plays a fundamental role in improving the quality and quantity of production. Combined water and soil management strategies can be important combative practices to overcome these challenges. Controlled water deficit is a technique used to save water and increase the efficiency of water and nutrient use in plants. This practice can be enhanced when combined with soil management. Furthermore, improving root system architecture and improving water and nutrient absorption in deeper zones can be achieved through deep application of phosphorus. However, there is a lack of studies that evaluate the integrated effect of different water and soil management practices on the architecture of the root system, photosynthetic parameters, oxidative stress parameters and accumulation of compatible solutes in tomato plants destined for industry. Given the above, this thesis has two chapters. The first chapter aimed to evaluate different frequencies of daily irrigation (I1) and every seven days (I7) and soil management with exclusive application of limestone (SM1); limestone + agricultural gypsum (SM2); limestone + agricultural gypsum + phosphorus applied in depth (SM3) in root deepening and how this characteristic could alter leaf water potential, photosynthesis and tomato production. The results revealed that the I7 frequency combined with SM3 soil management increased the architecture of the root system in depth, maintained a better water status of the plant, improved gas exchange and consequently increased the productivity of tomato fruits. Regarding the second chapter, the objective was to evaluate throughout the day the beneficial role of the integrated use of limestone, agricultural gypsum and phosphorus applied in depth in the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis, proline biosynthesis and relief of oxidative stress caused by irrigation deficit controlled in tomato plants. The results showed that the strategies of limestone soil + agricultural gypsum (SM2); limestone + agricultural gypsum + deeply applied phosphorus (SM3) combined with a seven-day irrigation frequency (I7) improved the decline in chlorophyll index and photosynthesis throughout the day. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), proline and the content of non-enzymatic antioxidant components were also reduced with the use of SM2 and SM3 both under daily and seven-day irrigation conditions. These findings reinforce the potential of using of soil management strategies SM2 and SM3, combined with a seven-day irrigation interval, to promote higher productivity and resilience to adverse environmental conditions in field-grown tomato plants. Keywords: abiotic stress; photosynthesis; soil management; regulated deficit irrigation; Solanum lycopersicum L
One of the biggest challenges of recent decades is providing enough food to feed the world's growing population, while at the same time freshwater resources available for agriculture become limited. However, effective management to increase nutrient use efficiency also plays a fundamental role in improving the quality and quantity of production. Combined water and soil management strategies can be important combative practices to overcome these challenges. Controlled water deficit is a technique used to save water and increase the efficiency of water and nutrient use in plants. This practice can be enhanced when combined with soil management. Furthermore, improving root system architecture and improving water and nutrient absorption in deeper zones can be achieved through deep application of phosphorus. However, there is a lack of studies that evaluate the integrated effect of different water and soil management practices on the architecture of the root system, photosynthetic parameters, oxidative stress parameters and accumulation of compatible solutes in tomato plants destined for industry. Given the above, this thesis has two chapters. The first chapter aimed to evaluate different frequencies of daily irrigation (I1) and every seven days (I7) and soil management with exclusive application of limestone (SM1); limestone + agricultural gypsum (SM2); limestone + agricultural gypsum + phosphorus applied in depth (SM3) in root deepening and how this characteristic could alter leaf water potential, photosynthesis and tomato production. The results revealed that the I7 frequency combined with SM3 soil management increased the architecture of the root system in depth, maintained a better water status of the plant, improved gas exchange and consequently increased the productivity of tomato fruits. Regarding the second chapter, the objective was to evaluate throughout the day the beneficial role of the integrated use of limestone, agricultural gypsum and phosphorus applied in depth in the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis, proline biosynthesis and relief of oxidative stress caused by irrigation deficit controlled in tomato plants. The results showed that the strategies of limestone soil + agricultural gypsum (SM2); limestone + agricultural gypsum + deeply applied phosphorus (SM3) combined with a seven-day irrigation frequency (I7) improved the decline in chlorophyll index and photosynthesis throughout the day. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), proline and the content of non-enzymatic antioxidant components were also reduced with the use of SM2 and SM3 both under daily and seven-day irrigation conditions. These findings reinforce the potential of using of soil management strategies SM2 and SM3, combined with a seven-day irrigation interval, to promote higher productivity and resilience to adverse environmental conditions in field-grown tomato plants. Keywords: abiotic stress; photosynthesis; soil management; regulated deficit irrigation; Solanum lycopersicum L
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PEREIRA, Ednângelo Duarte. Aplicação de calcário, gesso agrícola e fósforo afeta o metabolismo vegetal de plantas de tomate: um estudo ecofisiológico. 2024. 77 f. Tese (Doutorado em Fitotecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
