Mestre das marionetes: estudo do mecanismo de manipulação comportamental de aranhas por parasitas
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2024-02-21
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
Parasitas com estratégias de transmissão complexas podem alterar o comportamento dos seus hospedeiros, favorecendo sua aptidão. Contudo, sabemos pouco sobre os mecanismos envolvidos nesse processo e evidências recentes sugerem que os parasitas podem utilizar vias pré-programadas no hospedeiro. Aranhas são parasitadas por diferentes organismos, como fungos, dípteros e vespas. Alguns desses inimigos naturais são capazes de alterar o comportamento das aranhas, caracterizado pela construção de teias modificadas antes de sua morte, o que pode fornecer segurança e estabilidade para seu desenvolvimento até a fase de dispersão. Adicionalmente, as teias modificadas construídas por aranhas hospedeiras durante o desenvolvimento de diferentes parasitas frequentemente se assemelham às suas teias construídas durante a ecdise. Além disso, a construção das teias modificadas por algumas aranhas parasitadas por vespas Polysphinctine (Ichneumonidae) parece ocorrer devido a ativação anacrônica do processo de ecdise nas aranhas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se parasitas filogeneticamente distantes apresentam uma convergência no mecanismo de manipulação de suas aranhas hospedeira, através da ativação anacrônica da ecdise e produção de ecdisteroides no próprio hospedeiro, assim como analisar a expressão gênica de aranhas parasitas por vespas Polysphinctine. Dessa forma, no primeiro capítulo foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática de literatura, examinando as evidências que sustentam essa hipótese para três grupos de parasitas de aranhas: vespas, dípteros e fungos. Encontramos diversas evidências que sugerem que os parasitas estudados possam utilizar o mecanismo de ecdise das aranhas em benefício próprio. Além disso, propomos duas vias principais de ativação desse mecanismo: por meio do sistema neuro-imune das aranhas e pela interação de micróbios presentes nos parasitas com os hospedeiros. Por fim, identificamos possíveis ecdisteroides que possam atuar no processo de manipulação e traçamos direcionamentos para futuros trabalhos que procurem testar essa hipótese. No segundo capítulo, investigamos possíveis diferenças na expressão gênica entre aranhas não parasitadas e parasitadas com o comportamento alterado. Para isso realizamos análises transcritômicas utilizando aranhas Trichonephila clavipes (Araneidae) não parasitadas e parasitadas pela vespa Hymenoepimecis bicolor (Ichneumonidae). Também analisamos a expressão dos genes relacionados a rota da ecdise nas aranhas (Halloween genes). Obtivemos 1421 genes expressos diferencialmente entre aranhas parasitadas com o comportamento alterado e aranhas não parasitadas. Dentre eles, estão genes relacionados com o sistema nervoso, imune e motor. Destacamos os 50 genes com maior diferença na expressão e identificamos alguns deles como potenciais responsáveis pelo comportamento alterado nas aranhas, como os codificadores da Sialina e da Neprilisina-2, que agem no sistema nervoso. Contudo, os genes relacionados à rota da ecdise não apresentaram diferenças entre as aranhas e tiveram baixa regulação em geral. Isso sugere que o mecanismo da ecdise pode não estar diretamente relacionado com a modificação comportamental das aranhas ou que ele seja ativado em etapas anteriores do parasitismo. O mecanismo de manipulação comportamental de aranhas pelas vespas parasitas parece ser muito mais complexo do que esperávamos e pode envolver a ativação de múltiplos sistemas do hospedeiro. Com uma abordagem inédita no estudo de interações vespa-aranha, este trabalho fornece uma nova perspectiva para entender quais os mecanismos envolvidos nas interações envolvendo manipulação. Palavras-chave: Aranhas - Parasitos; Aranhas - Comportamento; Ecdise; Hormônios de muda; Regulação da expressão gênica.
Parasites with complex transmission strategies can alter their hosts' behavior, favoring their fitness. However, we know little about the mechanisms involved in this process, but evidence suggests that parasites can use pre-programmed pathways in the host. Spiders are parasitized by different organisms, such as fungi, dipterans and wasps. Some of these natural enemies are capable of altering the behavior of spiders, characterized by the construction of modified webs before their death, which can provide security and stability for their development until the dispersal phase. Additionally, the modified webs built by host spiders during the development of different parasites often resemble their webs built during ecdysis. Furthermore, the construction of modified webs by some spiders parasitized by Polysphinctine wasps (Ichneumonidae) appears to occur due to the anachronistic activation of the ecdysis process in spiders. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether phylogenetically distant parasites present a convergence in the manipulation mechanism of their host spiders, through the anachronistic activation of ecdysis and production of ecdysteroids in the host itself, as well as to analyze the gene expression of spiders parasitized by Polysphinctine wasps. Hence, in the first chapter a systematic literature review was conducted, examining the evidence that supports this hypothesis for three groups of spider parasites: wasps, dipterans and fungi. We found several pieces of evidence that suggest that the parasites studied may use the spiders' ecdysis mechanism to their own benefit. Furthermore, we propose two main pathways for activating this mechanism: through the neuroimmune system of spiders and through the interaction of microbes present in parasites with hosts. Finally, we identified possible ecdysteroids that could act in the manipulation process and outlined directions for future work that seeks to test this hypothesis. In the second chapter, we investigated possible differences in gene expression between non-parasitized and parasitized spiders with altered behavior. To do this, we performed transcriptomic analyzes using non-parasitized spiders Trichonephila clavipes (Araneidae) and those parasitized by the wasp Hymenoepimecis bicolor (Ichneumonidae). We also analyzed the expression of genes related to the ecdysis pathway in spiders (Halloween genes). We obtained 1421 genes differentially expressed between parasitized spiders with altered behavior and non-parasitized spiders. Among them are genes related to the nervous, immune and motor systems. We highlighted the 50 genes with the greatest difference in expression and identified some of them as potentially responsible for altered behavior in spiders, such as those encoding Sialin and Neprilysin-2, which act in the nervous system. However, genes related to the ecdysis pathway showed no differences between spiders and were downregulated in general. This suggests that the ecdysis mechanism is not directly related to the behavioral modification of spiders or that it is activated in previous stages of parasitism. The mechanism of behavioral manipulation of spiders by parasitic wasps appears to be much more complex than we expected and may involve multiple host systems. With an unprecedented approach to the study of wasp-spider interactions, this work provides a new perspective to understand the mechanisms involved in interactions involving manipulation. Keywords: Spiders - Parasites; Spiders - Behavior; Ecdysis; Molting hormones; Regulation of gene expression.
Parasites with complex transmission strategies can alter their hosts' behavior, favoring their fitness. However, we know little about the mechanisms involved in this process, but evidence suggests that parasites can use pre-programmed pathways in the host. Spiders are parasitized by different organisms, such as fungi, dipterans and wasps. Some of these natural enemies are capable of altering the behavior of spiders, characterized by the construction of modified webs before their death, which can provide security and stability for their development until the dispersal phase. Additionally, the modified webs built by host spiders during the development of different parasites often resemble their webs built during ecdysis. Furthermore, the construction of modified webs by some spiders parasitized by Polysphinctine wasps (Ichneumonidae) appears to occur due to the anachronistic activation of the ecdysis process in spiders. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether phylogenetically distant parasites present a convergence in the manipulation mechanism of their host spiders, through the anachronistic activation of ecdysis and production of ecdysteroids in the host itself, as well as to analyze the gene expression of spiders parasitized by Polysphinctine wasps. Hence, in the first chapter a systematic literature review was conducted, examining the evidence that supports this hypothesis for three groups of spider parasites: wasps, dipterans and fungi. We found several pieces of evidence that suggest that the parasites studied may use the spiders' ecdysis mechanism to their own benefit. Furthermore, we propose two main pathways for activating this mechanism: through the neuroimmune system of spiders and through the interaction of microbes present in parasites with hosts. Finally, we identified possible ecdysteroids that could act in the manipulation process and outlined directions for future work that seeks to test this hypothesis. In the second chapter, we investigated possible differences in gene expression between non-parasitized and parasitized spiders with altered behavior. To do this, we performed transcriptomic analyzes using non-parasitized spiders Trichonephila clavipes (Araneidae) and those parasitized by the wasp Hymenoepimecis bicolor (Ichneumonidae). We also analyzed the expression of genes related to the ecdysis pathway in spiders (Halloween genes). We obtained 1421 genes differentially expressed between parasitized spiders with altered behavior and non-parasitized spiders. Among them are genes related to the nervous, immune and motor systems. We highlighted the 50 genes with the greatest difference in expression and identified some of them as potentially responsible for altered behavior in spiders, such as those encoding Sialin and Neprilysin-2, which act in the nervous system. However, genes related to the ecdysis pathway showed no differences between spiders and were downregulated in general. This suggests that the ecdysis mechanism is not directly related to the behavioral modification of spiders or that it is activated in previous stages of parasitism. The mechanism of behavioral manipulation of spiders by parasitic wasps appears to be much more complex than we expected and may involve multiple host systems. With an unprecedented approach to the study of wasp-spider interactions, this work provides a new perspective to understand the mechanisms involved in interactions involving manipulation. Keywords: Spiders - Parasites; Spiders - Behavior; Ecdysis; Molting hormones; Regulation of gene expression.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Aranhas - Parasitos, Aranhas - Comportamento, Ecdise, Hormônios de muda, Regulação da expressão gênica
Citação
DELAZARI, Ítalo Mendes. Mestre das marionetes: estudo do mecanismo de manipulação comportamental de aranhas por parasitas. 2024. 90 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.