Desempenho, risco e funcionalidade do pregão eletrônico no setor público
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Data
2009-03-23
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
No intuito de racionalizar e dar agilidade às compras públicas, foi instituído em 2002, na administração pública brasileira, o Pregão Eletrônico como forma de modernizar o processo de obtenção de produtos e serviços, proporcionando maior possibilidade de controle e transparência nos gastos públicos. Porém, pouco ainda se tem avançado na avaliação empírica desta ferramenta no Brasil. Portanto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar os benefícios, riscos e funcionalidades do pregão eletrônico no setor público com intuito de investigar se o Pregão Eletrônico é a modalidade de licitação mais eficiente para Administração Pública, no que se refere à redução de preço e tempo, bem como traçar o perfil das empresas participantes de Pregão Eletrônico`, avaliar quais os riscos que elas apresentam aos contratos de fornecimento e também avaliar os fatores que determinam a variação de preços em Pregões Eletrônicos do Setor Público. Para analisar qual é a modalidade de licitação mais eficiente quanto à redução de custos, foi realizado um teste de igualdade de médias, o teste-t pareado. Para traçar o perfil das empresas participantes do Pregão Eletrônico foram elaborados constructos de acordo com os princípios da Economia do Custos de Transação e estes foram validados através do Alfa de Cronbach. Posteriormente foram realizadas análises fatoriais e análise de cluster. Para análise dos fatores que determinam a variação de preços em Pregões Eletrônicos foram realizadas correlação de Pearson e regressão linear múltipla, com o intuito de explorar as relações entre as variáveis e construir um modelo para medir a variação dos preços. Os dados foram operacionalizados, utilizandose os seguintes Softwares: “Statistic Package for Social Science” (SPSS) 15.0; e “Microsoft Excel”. Os resultados apontam que o pregão eletrônico é a modalidade de licitação mais vantajosa, pois apresenta menor tempo para finalização do processo e com chance de erro de 4,4%, comprovou que ele tem um potencial de redução mais significativo. Destaca-se que através das análises realizadas foi possível classificar os fornecedores em três grupos distintos: alto risco, baixo risco e risco moderado, sendo o grupo de alto risco formado por 50% das instituições estudadas. Foi observado também que os fatores determinantes na variação de preços do pregão eletrônico são: o número de fornecedores, a especificidade dos ativos, a quantidade comprada e a freqüência das transações representando um poder de explicação conjunta de 67,4%. Assim, conclui-se que o pregão eletrônico é um mecanismo que possibilita melhor gestão dos recursos públicos, com agilidade, transparência e publicidade desejadas. Entretanto, ele necessita de cuidados para que a expansão do número de fornecedores não se transforme em maiores riscos de desabastecimento devido a ações oportunistas e não cumprimento de contrato. Por isso é necessário que os órgãos públicos se preparem contra este tipo de comportamento, sendo rígidos e aplicando as punições previstas na lei. Além disso, os órgãos públicos devem desenvolver ações que busquem maximizar a redução dos preços na disputa, para conseguir assim, maiores ganhos econômicos através da redução dos preços pagos em seus processos licitatórios.
With the intent to rationalize and to give agility to the public purchases, the Electronic Bidding was introduced in 2002, in the Brazilian public administration, as a way to modernize the attainment process of products and services, offering greater possibility of control and transparency in the public expenses. However, very little advance has happened in the empirical evaluation of this tool in Brazil. Therefore, the present study has as objective to investigate the benefits, risks and functionalities of the electronic bidding in the public sector with intention to investigate if the Electronic Bidding is the modality of most efficient bidding for the Public Administration, as for the reduction of price and time, as well as tracing the profile of the Electronic Bidding participant companies, to evaluate which are the risks that they offer to supply contracts and also to evaluate the factors that determine the price variations in Electronic Bidding at the Public Sector. In order to analyze which it is the most efficient bidding modality in relation to cost reduction, an averages equity test was carried through, the binary T-Test. With the intention of tracing the profile of the participant companies of the Electronic Bidding constructs were elaborated in accordance with the principles of the Transaction Costs Economics and these ones were validated through the Cronbach’s alpha measures. Later factorial analyses and cluster analysis were carried through. For analysis of the factors that determine the price variation in Electronic Biddings Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression were carried through, with the intention to explore the relations between the variables and to construct a model to measure the price variation. The data were operationalized, using the following Softwares: “Statistic Package for Social Science” (SPSS) 15.0; and “Microsoft Excel”. The results point that the electronic bidding is the most advantageous bidding modality, because it needs less time to end the process and with an error chance of 4.4%, it proved that it has the most significant reduction potential. Through the carried through analyses it was possible to classify the suppliers into three distinct groups: high risk, low risk and moderate risk, being the group of high risk comprehending 50% of the studied institutions. The determinative factors in the price variation of the electronic bidding are: thenumberof suppliers, the specificity of the assets, the bought amount and the frequency of the transactions had a combined explanation influence of 67.4%. As a result, the conclusion is that the electronic bidding is a mechanism that makes it possible a better management of the public resources, with the desired agility, transparency and publicity. However, it needs cares so that the expanding number of suppliers does not change into bigger risks of shortage due to opportunist action and non contract fulfillment. Therefore it is necessary that the public organizations are prepared against this behavior, being rigid and applying the punishments foreseen in the law. Moreover, the public organizations must develop actions that search to maximize the price reduction in the dispute, to obtain as a result, greater economic profits through the reduced prices paid in their bidding processes.
With the intent to rationalize and to give agility to the public purchases, the Electronic Bidding was introduced in 2002, in the Brazilian public administration, as a way to modernize the attainment process of products and services, offering greater possibility of control and transparency in the public expenses. However, very little advance has happened in the empirical evaluation of this tool in Brazil. Therefore, the present study has as objective to investigate the benefits, risks and functionalities of the electronic bidding in the public sector with intention to investigate if the Electronic Bidding is the modality of most efficient bidding for the Public Administration, as for the reduction of price and time, as well as tracing the profile of the Electronic Bidding participant companies, to evaluate which are the risks that they offer to supply contracts and also to evaluate the factors that determine the price variations in Electronic Bidding at the Public Sector. In order to analyze which it is the most efficient bidding modality in relation to cost reduction, an averages equity test was carried through, the binary T-Test. With the intention of tracing the profile of the participant companies of the Electronic Bidding constructs were elaborated in accordance with the principles of the Transaction Costs Economics and these ones were validated through the Cronbach’s alpha measures. Later factorial analyses and cluster analysis were carried through. For analysis of the factors that determine the price variation in Electronic Biddings Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression were carried through, with the intention to explore the relations between the variables and to construct a model to measure the price variation. The data were operationalized, using the following Softwares: “Statistic Package for Social Science” (SPSS) 15.0; and “Microsoft Excel”. The results point that the electronic bidding is the most advantageous bidding modality, because it needs less time to end the process and with an error chance of 4.4%, it proved that it has the most significant reduction potential. Through the carried through analyses it was possible to classify the suppliers into three distinct groups: high risk, low risk and moderate risk, being the group of high risk comprehending 50% of the studied institutions. The determinative factors in the price variation of the electronic bidding are: thenumberof suppliers, the specificity of the assets, the bought amount and the frequency of the transactions had a combined explanation influence of 67.4%. As a result, the conclusion is that the electronic bidding is a mechanism that makes it possible a better management of the public resources, with the desired agility, transparency and publicity. However, it needs cares so that the expanding number of suppliers does not change into bigger risks of shortage due to opportunist action and non contract fulfillment. Therefore it is necessary that the public organizations are prepared against this behavior, being rigid and applying the punishments foreseen in the law. Moreover, the public organizations must develop actions that search to maximize the price reduction in the dispute, to obtain as a result, greater economic profits through the reduced prices paid in their bidding processes.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Pregão eletrônico, Compras públicas, Leilão reverso, Eletronic bidding, Public purchases, Reverse auction
Citação
FARIA, Evandro Rodrigues de. Performance, risk and functionality of the electronic bidding in the public sector. 2009. 87 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Administração Pública) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2009.