Análise comparativa da legislação sobre o comércio internacional de sementes, mudas e madeira com foco em melhoramento genético
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
O comércio internacional de sementes, mudas e madeira desempenha papel estratégico no desenvolvimento do setor agrícola e florestal brasileiro, ao mesmo tempo em que envolve riscos fitossanitários, ambientais, econômicos e institucionais. Diante desse contexto, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a legislação nacional e internacional aplicada aos processos de importação e exportação desses materiais, considerando tanto a evolução normativa quanto os condicionantes institucionais e operacionais que moldam sua inserção nos mercados internacionais. Metodologicamente, o estudo fundamenta-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, com análise de leis, decretos, instruções normativas, tratados internacionais e literatura científica especializada. Os resultados evidenciam que o arcabouço regulatório brasileiro evoluiu significativamente ao longo do século XX e início do século XXI, culminando na instituição do Sistema Nacional de Sementes e Mudas, que ampliou os instrumentos de controle, rastreabilidade e qualidade do material vegetal. No plano internacional, destaca-se o papel da Convenção Internacional para a Proteção dos Vegetais e as Normas Internacionais de Medidas Fitossanitárias como referência na harmonização de requisitos e na mitigação de riscos biológicos associados ao comércio global. Contudo, persistem entraves relacionados à fragmentação institucional, à morosidade administrativa e aos custos de conformidade, que impactam os fluxos comerciais, inclusive de materiais destinados à pesquisa. A análise do comércio internacional da madeira brasileira, evidencia que, apesar da elevada competitividade produtiva e da posição de destaque do Brasil no contexto sul-americano e global, a inserção externa do setor é condicionada por um arcabouço regulatório complexo, pela presença de barreiras não tarifárias e por entraves institucionais. Ademais, o estudo aponta tensões entre o modelo regulatório vigente, a proteção da agrobiodiversidade, a repressão à biopirataria e a necessidade de maior eficiência nos processos de facilitação do comércio. Conclui-se que o fortalecimento da competitividade e da sustentabilidade do setor florestal brasileiro depende do aprimoramento institucional, da previsibilidade administrativa e da conciliação entre segurança fitossanitária, dinamismo comercial e conservação da biodiversidade. Palavras-chave: Importação; Exportação; Legislação fitossanitária; Barreiras não tarifárias; Setor florestal
International trade in seeds, seedlings, and timber plays a strategic role in the development of the Brazilian agricultural and forestry sector, while simultaneously involving phytosanitary, environmental, economic, and institutional risks. In this context, this dissertation aims to analyze the national and international legislation applied to the import and export processes of these materials, considering both normative evolution and the institutional and operational factors that shape their insertion into international markets. Methodologically, the study is based on bibliographic and documentary research, including the analysis of laws, decrees, normative instructions, international treaties, and specialized scientific literature. The results show that the Brazilian regulatory framework has evolved significantly throughout the twentieth century and the early twenty-first century, culminating in the establishment of the National Seed and Seedling System, which expanded mechanisms for control, traceability, and quality assurance of plant propagation material. At the international level, the International Plant Protection Convention and the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures stand out as key references for the harmonization of requirements and the mitigation of biological risks associated with global trade. Nevertheless, challenges persist related to institutional fragmentation, administrative delays, and compliance costs, which negatively affect trade flows, including those involving materials intended for research purposes. The analysis of Brazilian timber international trade indicates that, despite high productive competitiveness and Brazil’s prominent position in the South American and global contexts, the sector’s external insertion remains constrained by a complex regulatory framework, the presence of non-tariff barriers, and institutional bottlenecks. Furthermore, the study highlights tensions between the current regulatory model, the protection of agrobiodiversity, efforts to combat biopiracy, and the need for greater efficiency in trade facilitation processes. It is concluded that strengthening the competitiveness and sustainability of the Brazilian forestry sector depends on institutional improvement, administrative predictability, and the reconciliation of phytosanitary security, trade dynamism, and biodiversity conservation. Keywords: Import; Export; Phytosanitary legislation; Non-tariff barriers; Forestry sector
International trade in seeds, seedlings, and timber plays a strategic role in the development of the Brazilian agricultural and forestry sector, while simultaneously involving phytosanitary, environmental, economic, and institutional risks. In this context, this dissertation aims to analyze the national and international legislation applied to the import and export processes of these materials, considering both normative evolution and the institutional and operational factors that shape their insertion into international markets. Methodologically, the study is based on bibliographic and documentary research, including the analysis of laws, decrees, normative instructions, international treaties, and specialized scientific literature. The results show that the Brazilian regulatory framework has evolved significantly throughout the twentieth century and the early twenty-first century, culminating in the establishment of the National Seed and Seedling System, which expanded mechanisms for control, traceability, and quality assurance of plant propagation material. At the international level, the International Plant Protection Convention and the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures stand out as key references for the harmonization of requirements and the mitigation of biological risks associated with global trade. Nevertheless, challenges persist related to institutional fragmentation, administrative delays, and compliance costs, which negatively affect trade flows, including those involving materials intended for research purposes. The analysis of Brazilian timber international trade indicates that, despite high productive competitiveness and Brazil’s prominent position in the South American and global contexts, the sector’s external insertion remains constrained by a complex regulatory framework, the presence of non-tariff barriers, and institutional bottlenecks. Furthermore, the study highlights tensions between the current regulatory model, the protection of agrobiodiversity, efforts to combat biopiracy, and the need for greater efficiency in trade facilitation processes. It is concluded that strengthening the competitiveness and sustainability of the Brazilian forestry sector depends on institutional improvement, administrative predictability, and the reconciliation of phytosanitary security, trade dynamism, and biodiversity conservation. Keywords: Import; Export; Phytosanitary legislation; Non-tariff barriers; Forestry sector
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REZENDE, Helen dos Reis. Análise comparativa da legislação sobre o comércio internacional de sementes, mudas e madeira com foco em melhoramento genético. 2026. 69 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Florestal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2026.
