Secagem, modelagem matemática, potencial de armazenamento e anatomia do tegumento de sementes de soja ‘55I57 RSF’
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) ocupa posição de destaque no Brasil e no mundo pelo volume produzido e pelo potencial papel econômico que exerce ao abastecer cadeias de óleo vegetal, farelo proteico para alimentação animal, ingredientes para alimentos humanos e insumos para biodiesel e outros bioprodutos. Nesse cenário, no Brasil, a cultivar ‘55I57 RSF’ tem ampla adoção na Região Sul por apresentar alto potencial produtivo, mas relatos de maior sensibilidade a danos de colheita e pós- colheita tornam a preservação da qualidade de suas sementes desafiadora. A secagem surge, assim, como etapa crítica pós-colheita, pois a velocidade de remoção de água determina a preservação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes, influenciando a integridade de membranas, a atividade respiratória e a suscetibilidade a processos oxidativos durante o armazenamento. Entre os elementos estruturais das sementes que conferem proteção, destaca-se o tegumento, cuja arquitetura (grau de lignificação e microestrutura) regula a permeabilidade, a resistência a fissuras térmicas e a propensão a danos mecânicos, funcionando como primeira barreira contra estresses físicos e térmicos. Diante da relevância da ‘55I57 RSF’, torna-se essencial estabelecer protocolos específicos de secagem, bem como ajustar modelos matemáticos que descrevam esse processo, a fim de garantir a preservação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da secagem contínua e intermitente no potencial de armazenamento de sementes de soja ‘55I57 RSF’ e nos aspectos anatômicos do tegumento após a secagem, bem como ajustar e comparar modelos de cinética de secagem para descrever as curvas, estimar tempos de processo e apoiar a definição de janelas operacionais. Para isso, sementes colhidas na safra 2023/24, com aproximadamente 19% de teor de água, foram submetidas à secagem contínua e intermitente nas temperaturas de 35, 38, 41 e 44 °C em estufa de circulação de ar. Após a secagem, as sementes foram armazenadas em câmara fria (12,9 ± 1,7 °C e 61,2 ± 4,8% UR) e avaliadas quanto à qualidade fisiológica imediatamente (tempo zero) e aos 3, 6 e 9 meses de armazenamento. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada por meio dos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, emergência em canteiro, envelhecimento acelerado e condutividade elétrica. O tegumento foi caracterizado quanto ao teor de lignina, à espessura (microscopia de luz) e às características da superfície externa (microscopia eletrônica de varredura). Complementarmente, sete modelos matemáticos foram ajustados às curvas de secagem por regressão não linear (Gauss–Newton), com intuito de estimar o tempo de secagem em futuros trabalhos e melhor definir janelas operacionais. O melhor modelo foi escolhido com base no coeficiente de determinação (R²), no erro médio relativo (P), no erro médio estimado (SE), na distribuição de resíduos e pelos critérios AIC/BIC. Os resultados indicaram que a secagem contínua a 35 °C preserva o vigor inicial das sementes e mantém sua qualidade ao longo do armazenamento, ao passo que, a 44 °C, ocorrem perdas fisiológicas e fissuras superficiais no tegumento. A secagem intermitente, sobretudo em temperaturas mais baixas, mostrou-se prejudicial ao vigor das sementes. Em relação à anatomia, não se observaram alterações mensuráveis na espessura ou na organização interna do tegumento atribuíveis aos métodos de secagem. Em termos de modelagem, o modelo de Page foi o que melhor descreveu as curvas de secagem e pode ser empregado para predizer tempos de processo, dimensionar e aperfeiçoar secadores e delimitar janelas operacionais em função do teor-alvo de água. Palavras-chave: Glycine max L. Merrill ; Vigor ; Temperatura de secagem; Armazenabilidade; Modelos matemáticos
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) occupies a prominent position in Brazil and worldwide due to its production volume and the potential economic role it plays in supplying chains of vegetable oil, protein meal for animal feed, ingredients for human food, and raw materials for biodiesel and other bioproducts. In this scenario, in Brazil, the cultivar ‘55I57 RSF’ has wide adoption in the South Region because of its high yield potential; however, reports of greater sensitivity to harvest and postharvest damage make the preservation of its seed quality challenging. Drying therefore emerges as a critical postharvest step, since the rate of water removal determines the preservation of seed physiological quality, influencing membrane integrity, respiratory activity, and susceptibility to oxidative processes during storage. Among the structural elements of seeds that provide protection, the seed coat stands out, whose architecture, degree of lignification, and microstructure regulate permeability, resistance to thermal fissures, and susceptibility to mechanical damage, functioning as the first barrier against physical and thermal stresses. Given the relevance of ‘55I57 RSF’, it is essential to establish specific drying protocols, as well as to fit mathematical models that describe this process, in order to ensure the preservation of seed physiological quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of continuous and intermittent drying on the storage potential of ‘55I57 RSF’ soybean seeds and on seed coat anatomical aspects after drying, as well as to fit and compare drying kinetics models to describe the curves, estimate process times, and support the definition of operational windows. For this purpose, seeds harvested in the 2023/24 growing season, with approximately 19% moisture content, were subjected to continuous and intermittent drying at temperatures of 35, 38, 41, and 44 °C in a forced-air circulation oven. After drying, the seeds were stored in a cold chamber (12.9 ± 1.7 °C and 61.2 ± 4.8% RH) and evaluated for physiological quality immediately after drying (time zero) and after 3, 6, and 9 months of storage. Seed physiological quality was evaluated by germination, first germination count, seedling emergence in seedbed, accelerated aging, and electrical conductivity tests. The seed coat was characterized for lignin content, thickness by light microscopy, and external surface characteristics by scanning electron microscopy. Complementarily, seven mathematical models were fitted to the drying curves by nonlinear regression using the Gauss–Newton method, with the aim of estimating drying time in future studies and better defining operational windows. The best model was selected based on the coefficient of determination (R²), mean relative error (P), estimated mean error (SE), residual distribution, and AIC/BIC criteria. The results indicated that continuous drying at 35 °C preserves the initial vigor of the seeds and maintains their quality during storage, whereas at 44 °C physiological losses and superficial fissures in the seed coat occur. Intermittent drying, especially at lower temperatures, was detrimental to seed vigor. Regarding anatomy, no measurable changes were observed in seed coat thickness or internal organization attributable to the drying methods. In terms of modeling, the Page model best described the drying curves and can be used to predict process times, design and improve dryers, and define operational windows according to the target moisture content. Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merrill ; Vigor ; Drying temperature ; Storability ; Mathematical models
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) occupies a prominent position in Brazil and worldwide due to its production volume and the potential economic role it plays in supplying chains of vegetable oil, protein meal for animal feed, ingredients for human food, and raw materials for biodiesel and other bioproducts. In this scenario, in Brazil, the cultivar ‘55I57 RSF’ has wide adoption in the South Region because of its high yield potential; however, reports of greater sensitivity to harvest and postharvest damage make the preservation of its seed quality challenging. Drying therefore emerges as a critical postharvest step, since the rate of water removal determines the preservation of seed physiological quality, influencing membrane integrity, respiratory activity, and susceptibility to oxidative processes during storage. Among the structural elements of seeds that provide protection, the seed coat stands out, whose architecture, degree of lignification, and microstructure regulate permeability, resistance to thermal fissures, and susceptibility to mechanical damage, functioning as the first barrier against physical and thermal stresses. Given the relevance of ‘55I57 RSF’, it is essential to establish specific drying protocols, as well as to fit mathematical models that describe this process, in order to ensure the preservation of seed physiological quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of continuous and intermittent drying on the storage potential of ‘55I57 RSF’ soybean seeds and on seed coat anatomical aspects after drying, as well as to fit and compare drying kinetics models to describe the curves, estimate process times, and support the definition of operational windows. For this purpose, seeds harvested in the 2023/24 growing season, with approximately 19% moisture content, were subjected to continuous and intermittent drying at temperatures of 35, 38, 41, and 44 °C in a forced-air circulation oven. After drying, the seeds were stored in a cold chamber (12.9 ± 1.7 °C and 61.2 ± 4.8% RH) and evaluated for physiological quality immediately after drying (time zero) and after 3, 6, and 9 months of storage. Seed physiological quality was evaluated by germination, first germination count, seedling emergence in seedbed, accelerated aging, and electrical conductivity tests. The seed coat was characterized for lignin content, thickness by light microscopy, and external surface characteristics by scanning electron microscopy. Complementarily, seven mathematical models were fitted to the drying curves by nonlinear regression using the Gauss–Newton method, with the aim of estimating drying time in future studies and better defining operational windows. The best model was selected based on the coefficient of determination (R²), mean relative error (P), estimated mean error (SE), residual distribution, and AIC/BIC criteria. The results indicated that continuous drying at 35 °C preserves the initial vigor of the seeds and maintains their quality during storage, whereas at 44 °C physiological losses and superficial fissures in the seed coat occur. Intermittent drying, especially at lower temperatures, was detrimental to seed vigor. Regarding anatomy, no measurable changes were observed in seed coat thickness or internal organization attributable to the drying methods. In terms of modeling, the Page model best described the drying curves and can be used to predict process times, design and improve dryers, and define operational windows according to the target moisture content. Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merrill ; Vigor ; Drying temperature ; Storability ; Mathematical models
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Citation
SANTOS, Samuel Gonçalves Ferreira dos. Secagem, modelagem matemática, potencial de armazenamento e anatomia do tegumento de sementes de soja ‘55I57 RSF’. 2026. 82 f. Tese (Doutorado em Fitotecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2026.
