Relação entre emissões de gases de efeito estufa, crescimento econômico e consumo relativo de energia renovável no Brasil (1970–2023)
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), crescimento econômico e consumo relativo de energia renovável no Brasil, no período de 1970 a 2023. Com base em técnicas econométricas aplicadas a dados em painel e séries temporais, investigou-se a hipótese de existência da Curva Ambiental de Kuznets (CAK), os efeitos do consumo relativo de energia renovável sobre as emissões de GEE e a dinâmica temporal entre crescimento econômico, emissões e composição da matriz energética brasileira. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos estimadores Fully-Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) e Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) para o painel setorial indicaram a existência de uma relação de longo prazo entre crescimento econômico e emissões de GEE, predominantemente linear e positiva, o que permitiu a rejeição da hipótese tradicional da CAK no formato de U invertido. Quanto à análise desagregada, os resultados revelaram a existência de uma relação de equilíbrio de longo prazo entre as variáveis em todos os setores analisados, sendo que a hipótese da CAK em sua forma tradicional foi sustentada apenas no setor de comércio e serviços. Verificou-se ainda que mudanças na composição da matriz energética, representadas pelo aumento do consumo relativo de energia proveniente de fontes renováveis, exercem efeito negativo e estatisticamente significativo sobre as emissões de GEE, sugerindo que a expansão da participação dessas fontes pode contribuir para a mitigação ambiental. Além da estimação da CAK, testes de causalidade de Granger em painel e séries de tempo também foram empregados. Os resultados indicaram que tanto o crescimento econômico quanto as emissões de GEE antecedem, na maioria dos casos, mudanças na composição da matriz energética brasileira, sinalizando que a transição para fontes renováveis tende a ser induzida por fatores econômicos e por pressões ambientais. Em conjunto, os achados reforçam a importância da formulação de políticas públicas estratégicas voltadas à transição energética e ao desenvolvimento sustentável no Brasil, considerando as especificidades setoriais da economia brasileira. Palavras-chave: crescimento econômico; consumo de energia; GEE
This study aimed to analyze the relationship between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, economic growth, and relative renewable energy consumption in Brazil from 1970 to 2023. Based on econometric techniques applied to panel data and time series, the hypothesis of the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), the effects of relative renewable energy consumption on GHG emissions, and the temporal dynamics between economic growth, emissions, and the composition of the Brazilian energy matrix were investigated. The results obtained from the Fully- Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) e Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) estimators for the sectoral panel indicated the existence of a long-term relationship between economic growth and GHG emissions, predominantly linear and positive, which allowed the rejection of the traditional EKC hypothesis in the inverted U shape. Regarding the disaggregated analysis, the results revealed the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables in all sectors analyzed, with the EKC hypothesis in its traditional form being supported only in the trade and services sector. It was also found that changes in the composition of the energy matrix, represented by the increase in the relative consumption of energy from renewable sources, have a negative and statistically significant effect on GHG emissions, suggesting that expanding the share of these sources can contribute to environmental mitigation. In addition to the estimation of the CAK (Coefficient of Energy Gain), Granger causality tests in panel and time series were also employed. The results indicated that both economic growth and GHG emissions precede, in most cases, changes in the composition of the Brazilian energy matrix, signaling that the transition to renewable sources tends to be induced by economic factors and environmental pressures. Taken together, the findings reinforce the importance of formulating strategic public policies aimed at energy transition and sustainable development in Brazil, considering the sectoral specificities of the Brazilian economy. Keywords: economic growth; energy consumption; GHG
This study aimed to analyze the relationship between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, economic growth, and relative renewable energy consumption in Brazil from 1970 to 2023. Based on econometric techniques applied to panel data and time series, the hypothesis of the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), the effects of relative renewable energy consumption on GHG emissions, and the temporal dynamics between economic growth, emissions, and the composition of the Brazilian energy matrix were investigated. The results obtained from the Fully- Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) e Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) estimators for the sectoral panel indicated the existence of a long-term relationship between economic growth and GHG emissions, predominantly linear and positive, which allowed the rejection of the traditional EKC hypothesis in the inverted U shape. Regarding the disaggregated analysis, the results revealed the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables in all sectors analyzed, with the EKC hypothesis in its traditional form being supported only in the trade and services sector. It was also found that changes in the composition of the energy matrix, represented by the increase in the relative consumption of energy from renewable sources, have a negative and statistically significant effect on GHG emissions, suggesting that expanding the share of these sources can contribute to environmental mitigation. In addition to the estimation of the CAK (Coefficient of Energy Gain), Granger causality tests in panel and time series were also employed. The results indicated that both economic growth and GHG emissions precede, in most cases, changes in the composition of the Brazilian energy matrix, signaling that the transition to renewable sources tends to be induced by economic factors and environmental pressures. Taken together, the findings reinforce the importance of formulating strategic public policies aimed at energy transition and sustainable development in Brazil, considering the sectoral specificities of the Brazilian economy. Keywords: economic growth; energy consumption; GHG
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BARBOSA, Paulo André Manhães. Relação entre emissões de gases de efeito estufa, crescimento econômico e consumo relativo de energia renovável no Brasil (1970–2023). 2026. 150 f. Tese (Doutorado em Economia Aplicada) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2026.
