Potencial nefroprotetor do camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) e da jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) sobre a oxi-inflamação e dinâmica mineral renal em modelo experimental de síndrome metabólica sistêmica induzida por dieta hipercalórica
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A síndrome metabólica caracteriza-se por um conjunto de alterações progressivas que incluem dislipidemia, hiperglicemia, inflamação crônica de baixo grau e estresse oxidativo. Nesse contexto, o rim destaca-se como um órgão particularmente vulnerável, devido à sua alta demanda energética e intensa perfusão sanguínea. Dietas hipercalóricas ricas em lipídios e frutose têm sido associadas a alterações renais funcionais e morfológicas precoces, mesmo antes do estabelecimento da obesidade, reforçando a necessidade de investigar estratégias preventivas voltadas à proteção renal em fases iniciais da síndrome metabólica. Intervenções nutricionais baseadas em alimentos ricos em compostos bioativos emergem como alternativas promissoras para a modulação desses processos fisiopatológicos iniciais. Entre esses alimentos, a jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) e o camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), plantas do mesmo gênero, destacam-se pela elevada concentração de polifenóis, especialmente antocianinas, além de fibras, vitaminas e minerais, com potencial antioxidante e anti-inflamatório. Assim, este estudo avaliou os efeitos da suplementação com jabuticaba, em três formulações (casca liofilizada, fruto inteiro liofilizado e extrato da casca microencapsulado), e com camu-camu sobre parâmetros morfológicos, oxidativos e minerais renais em camundongos submetidos a dieta hiperlipídica e rica em frutose. O delineamento experimental envolveu a indução de disfunção metabólica inicial por meio de dieta hipercalórica, seguida da incorporação com as diferentes formas de jabuticaba ou do camu-camu. Foram avaliados parâmetros biométricos corporais e renais, análises histológicas e morfométricas do córtex renal, mensuração de macrominerais (cálcio, potássio, magnésio e sódio) e microminerais (manganês, zinco, cobre e ferro), além da quantificação de marcadores de estresse oxidativo e atividades de enzimas antioxidantes endógenas. A dieta hipercalórica induziu síndrome metabólica sistêmica, confirmada pelo aumento sérico de colesterol total, triglicerídeos e glicemia. No rim, embora não tenham sido observadas alterações significativas nos marcadores clássicos de estresse oxidativo, houve remodelamento tecidual caracterizado por congestão vascular intersticial e glomerular, vacuolização tubular, infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear e redução da proporção volumétrica dos túbulos renais, além de desequilíbrio na homeostase mineral, com aumento de cálcio e manganês e redução de sódio e potássio. A suplementação com jabuticaba, especialmente na forma microencapsulada, atenuou as alterações morfológicas, preservou a arquitetura renal e modulou positivamente o perfil mineral, com destaque para a normalização dos níveis de cálcio e sódio no grupo tratado com casca. O fruto inteiro e o extrato microencapsulado também demonstraram efeitos benéficos, porém com respostas distintas. O camu-camu, por sua vez, embora tenha recuperado a atividade da glutationa S-transferase (indicando efeito antioxidante parcial) e melhorados parâmetros inflamatórios, intensificou o desbalanço mineral, promovendo maior acúmulo de cálcio e cobre e redução adicional de magnésio e ferro, sugerindo potencial efeito nefrotóxico. Em conjunto, os resultados indicam que a jabuticaba, sobretudo quando associada a estratégias tecnológicas como o microencapsulamento, exerce efeito nefroprotetor em estágios iniciais da síndrome metabólica, contribuindo para a preservação da arquitetura renal e da homeostase mineral. Por outro lado, o camu-camu, apesar de seus benefícios antioxidantes, deve ser utilizado com cautela em contextos de disfunção metabólica devido ao risco de desequilíbrio mineral renal. Palavras-chave: estresse oxidativo; nefroproteção; compostos biativos; homeostase mineral; inflamação crônica; frutas nativas brasileiras.
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a set of progressive alterations that include dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, chronic low-grade inflammation, and oxidative stress. In this context, the kidney stands out as a particularly vulnerable organ due to its high energy demand and intense blood perfusion. Hypercaloric diets rich in lipids and fructose have been associated with early functional and morphological renal alterations, even before the establishment of obesity, reinforcing the need to investigate preventive strategies aimed at renal protection in the early phases of metabolic syndrome. Nutritional interventions based on foods rich in bioactive compounds emerge as promising alternatives for modulating these early pathophysiological processes. Among these foods, jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) and camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), plants of the same genus, stand out for their high concentration of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins, in addition to fibers, vitamins, and minerals, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of supplementation with jabuticaba in three formulations (lyophilized peel, lyophilized whole fruit, and microencapsulated peel extract) and with camu-camu on morphological, oxidative, and renal mineral parameters in mice subjected to a high-fat, high-fructose diet. The experimental design involved the induction of early metabolic dysfunction through a hypercaloric diet, followed by incorporation with the different forms of jabuticaba or camu-camu. Body and renal biometric parameters, histological and morphometric analyses of the renal cortex, measurement of macrominerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium) and microminerals (manganese, zinc, copper, and iron) were evaluated, in addition to the quantification of oxidative stress markers and activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. The hypercaloric diet induced systemic metabolic syndrome, confirmed by increased serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycemia. In the kidney, although no significant alterations were observed in classical oxidative stress markers, there was tissue remodeling characterized by interstitial and glomerular vascular congestion, tubular vacuolization, mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate, and reduction in the volumetric proportion of renal tubules, in addition to an imbalance in mineral homeostasis, with increased calcium and manganese and reduced sodium and potassium. Supplementation with jabuticaba, especially in the microencapsulated form, attenuated the morphological alterations, preserved renal architecture, and positively modulated the mineral profile, with emphasis on the normalization of calcium and sodium levels in the group treated with peel. The whole fruit and the microencapsulated extract also demonstrated beneficial effects, but with distinct responses. Camu-camu, in turn, although it recovered glutathione S- transferase activity (indicating a partial antioxidant effect) and improved inflammatory parameters, intensified the mineral imbalance, promoting greater accumulation of calcium and copper and further reduction of magnesium and iron, suggesting a potential nephrotoxic effect. Together, the results indicate that jabuticaba, especially when associated with technological strategies such as microencapsulation, exerts a nephroprotective effect in early stages of metabolic syndrome, contributing to the preservation of renal architecture and mineral homeostasis. On the other hand, camu-camu, despite its antioxidant benefits, should be used with caution in contexts of metabolic dysfunction due to the risk of renal mineral imbalance. Keywords: oxidative stress; nephroprotection; bioactive compounds; mineral homeostasis; chronic inflammation; native Brazilian fruits
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a set of progressive alterations that include dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, chronic low-grade inflammation, and oxidative stress. In this context, the kidney stands out as a particularly vulnerable organ due to its high energy demand and intense blood perfusion. Hypercaloric diets rich in lipids and fructose have been associated with early functional and morphological renal alterations, even before the establishment of obesity, reinforcing the need to investigate preventive strategies aimed at renal protection in the early phases of metabolic syndrome. Nutritional interventions based on foods rich in bioactive compounds emerge as promising alternatives for modulating these early pathophysiological processes. Among these foods, jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) and camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), plants of the same genus, stand out for their high concentration of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins, in addition to fibers, vitamins, and minerals, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of supplementation with jabuticaba in three formulations (lyophilized peel, lyophilized whole fruit, and microencapsulated peel extract) and with camu-camu on morphological, oxidative, and renal mineral parameters in mice subjected to a high-fat, high-fructose diet. The experimental design involved the induction of early metabolic dysfunction through a hypercaloric diet, followed by incorporation with the different forms of jabuticaba or camu-camu. Body and renal biometric parameters, histological and morphometric analyses of the renal cortex, measurement of macrominerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium) and microminerals (manganese, zinc, copper, and iron) were evaluated, in addition to the quantification of oxidative stress markers and activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. The hypercaloric diet induced systemic metabolic syndrome, confirmed by increased serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycemia. In the kidney, although no significant alterations were observed in classical oxidative stress markers, there was tissue remodeling characterized by interstitial and glomerular vascular congestion, tubular vacuolization, mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate, and reduction in the volumetric proportion of renal tubules, in addition to an imbalance in mineral homeostasis, with increased calcium and manganese and reduced sodium and potassium. Supplementation with jabuticaba, especially in the microencapsulated form, attenuated the morphological alterations, preserved renal architecture, and positively modulated the mineral profile, with emphasis on the normalization of calcium and sodium levels in the group treated with peel. The whole fruit and the microencapsulated extract also demonstrated beneficial effects, but with distinct responses. Camu-camu, in turn, although it recovered glutathione S- transferase activity (indicating a partial antioxidant effect) and improved inflammatory parameters, intensified the mineral imbalance, promoting greater accumulation of calcium and copper and further reduction of magnesium and iron, suggesting a potential nephrotoxic effect. Together, the results indicate that jabuticaba, especially when associated with technological strategies such as microencapsulation, exerts a nephroprotective effect in early stages of metabolic syndrome, contributing to the preservation of renal architecture and mineral homeostasis. On the other hand, camu-camu, despite its antioxidant benefits, should be used with caution in contexts of metabolic dysfunction due to the risk of renal mineral imbalance. Keywords: oxidative stress; nephroprotection; bioactive compounds; mineral homeostasis; chronic inflammation; native Brazilian fruits
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CASTRO, Adriano Simões Barbosa. Potencial nefroprotetor do camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) e da jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) sobre a oxi-inflamação e dinâmica mineral renal em modelo experimental de síndrome metabólica sistêmica induzida por dieta hipercalórica. 2026. 88 f. Tese (Doutorado em Biologia Celular e Estrutural) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2026.
