Perfil de capacidade intrínseca em pessoas idosas e sua associação com consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados: uma análise transversal do ELSA-Brasil (2017-2019)
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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O envelhecimento populacional impõe importantes desafios à saúde pública, demandando abordagens que considerem não apenas a presença de doenças, mas também a manutenção da funcionalidade ao longo da vida. Nesse contexto, a capacidade intrínseca (CI), definida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) como o conjunto das capacidades físicas e mentais de um indivíduo, emerge como um constructo central para o monitoramento do envelhecimento saudável. Evidências indicam que a CI é influenciada por fatores sociais, demográficos, comportamentais e relacionados ao estilo de vida, os quais podem contribuir para desigualdades em saúde na velhice. Entretanto, ainda são escassos estudos no contexto brasileiro que explorem de forma abrangente os determinantes da CI e sua associação com padrões alimentares contemporâneos, como o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUPs). O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil da CI global e de seus domínios e investigar sua associação com o consumo de AUPs em pessoas idosas participantes do ELSA-Brasil (2017–2019). Trata-se de uma investigação observacional, com delineamento transversal, baseada em dados da terceira onda do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), incluindo participantes com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos. A CI foi mensurada por meio dos domínios cognitivo, psicológico, sensorial, locomotor e vitalidade, a partir de indicadores previamente validados e compatíveis com as variáveis disponíveis no estudo. Os escores dos domínios e da CI global foram padronizados em escores-z e categorizados em tercis. O consumo de AUPs foi avaliado por Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA), com classificação dos alimentos segundo a classificação NOVA, sendo expresso como a proporção de energia proveniente desses alimentos e categorizado em tercis de consumo. As análises incluíram comparações segundo características sociodemográficas, comportamentais e de saúde, com estratificação por sexo e faixa etária, além do uso de modelos de regressão logística multinomial e regressão de Poisson. Os resultados demonstraram que menores escores de CI concentraram-se entre mulheres, indivíduos mais velhos, com menor escolaridade e nível socioeconômico, menor nível de atividade física, maior índice de massa corporal (IMC) e entre participantes autodeclarados pretos e pardos. Observou-se redução da CI global e da maioria dos domínios com o avanço da idade, especialmente a partir dos 75 anos, com padrões distintos entre os domínios e entre os sexos. As correlações entre os domínios da CI foram positivas, porém de baixa magnitude, indicando que, embora inter-relacionadas, as dimensões da CI representam componentes relativamente independentes da funcionalidade. Em relação ao padrão alimentar, maior consumo de AUPs associou-se a pior CI global entre mulheres idosas e ao comprometimento dos domínios da vitalidade e psicológico entre os homens. Conclui-se que a CI reflete não apenas alterações biológicas inerentes ao envelhecimento, mas também desigualdades sociais, comportamentais e alimentares acumuladas ao longo do curso de vida. Os achados reforçam o papel dos determinantes sociais e do padrão alimentar na funcionalidade na velhice, evidenciando a necessidade de políticas públicas e intervenções intersetoriais que promovam a atividade física, a alimentação saudável e a redução do consumo de AUPs, bem como estratégias voltadas à mitigação das desigualdades socioeconômicas. Palavras-chave: capacidade intrínseca; envelhecimento saudável; alimentos ultraprocessados; pessoa idosa; ELSA-Brasil
Population ageing poses major challenges to public health, requiring approaches that consider not only the presence of diseases but also the maintenance of functional capacity throughout the life course. In this context, intrinsic capacity (IC), defined by the World Health Organization as the composite of an individual’s physical and mental capacities, has emerged as a central construct for monitoring healthy ageing. Evidence indicates that IC is influenced by social, demographic, behavioural and lifestyle-related factors, which may contribute to health inequalities in later life. However, in the Brazilian context, there is still a paucity of studies that comprehensively examine the determinants of IC and its association with contemporary dietary patterns, such as the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs). The present study aimed to characterize the profile of overall IC and its domains and investigate its association with the consumption of AUPs in older adults people participating in ELSA-Brazil (2017–2019). This observational study, cross- sectional design, was based on data from the third wave of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), including participants aged 60 years or older. IC was assessed through five domains cognitive, psychological, sensory, locomotor and vitality, using previously validated indicators compatible with the variables available in the study. Domain-specific and global IC scores were standardised as z-scores and categorised into tertiles. Ultra-processed food consumption was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire, with foods classified according to the NOVA classification, and expressed as the proportion of total energy intake derived from UPFs, also categorised into tertiles. Analyses included comparisons according to sociodemographic, behavioural and health-related characteristics, with stratification by sex and age group, as well as the application of multinomial logistic regression and Poisson regression models. The results showed that lower IC scores were concentrated among women, older individuals, those with lower educational attainment and socioeconomic status, lower levels of physical activity, higher body mass index, and among participants self-identifying as black or brown. A progressive decline in global IC and most domains was observed with advancing age, particularly from the age of 75 years onwards, with distinct patterns across domains and between sexes. Correlations between IC domains were positive but of low magnitude, indicating that, although interrelated, the dimensions of IC represent relatively independent components of functional health. Regarding dietary patterns, higher consumption of UPFs was associated with poorer global IC among older women and the impairment of vitality and psychological domains among men. In conclusion, IC reflects not only biological changes inherent to ageing but also social, behavioural and dietary inequalities accumulated over the life course. These findings highlight the role of social determinants and dietary patterns in functional health in later life, underscoring the need for public policies and intersectoral interventions that promote physical activity, healthy eating and reductions in UPFs consumption, as well as strategies aimed at mitigating socioeconomic inequalities. Keywords: intrinsic capacity; healthy ageing; ultra-processed foods; older adults; ELSA-Brasil
Population ageing poses major challenges to public health, requiring approaches that consider not only the presence of diseases but also the maintenance of functional capacity throughout the life course. In this context, intrinsic capacity (IC), defined by the World Health Organization as the composite of an individual’s physical and mental capacities, has emerged as a central construct for monitoring healthy ageing. Evidence indicates that IC is influenced by social, demographic, behavioural and lifestyle-related factors, which may contribute to health inequalities in later life. However, in the Brazilian context, there is still a paucity of studies that comprehensively examine the determinants of IC and its association with contemporary dietary patterns, such as the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs). The present study aimed to characterize the profile of overall IC and its domains and investigate its association with the consumption of AUPs in older adults people participating in ELSA-Brazil (2017–2019). This observational study, cross- sectional design, was based on data from the third wave of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), including participants aged 60 years or older. IC was assessed through five domains cognitive, psychological, sensory, locomotor and vitality, using previously validated indicators compatible with the variables available in the study. Domain-specific and global IC scores were standardised as z-scores and categorised into tertiles. Ultra-processed food consumption was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire, with foods classified according to the NOVA classification, and expressed as the proportion of total energy intake derived from UPFs, also categorised into tertiles. Analyses included comparisons according to sociodemographic, behavioural and health-related characteristics, with stratification by sex and age group, as well as the application of multinomial logistic regression and Poisson regression models. The results showed that lower IC scores were concentrated among women, older individuals, those with lower educational attainment and socioeconomic status, lower levels of physical activity, higher body mass index, and among participants self-identifying as black or brown. A progressive decline in global IC and most domains was observed with advancing age, particularly from the age of 75 years onwards, with distinct patterns across domains and between sexes. Correlations between IC domains were positive but of low magnitude, indicating that, although interrelated, the dimensions of IC represent relatively independent components of functional health. Regarding dietary patterns, higher consumption of UPFs was associated with poorer global IC among older women and the impairment of vitality and psychological domains among men. In conclusion, IC reflects not only biological changes inherent to ageing but also social, behavioural and dietary inequalities accumulated over the life course. These findings highlight the role of social determinants and dietary patterns in functional health in later life, underscoring the need for public policies and intersectoral interventions that promote physical activity, healthy eating and reductions in UPFs consumption, as well as strategies aimed at mitigating socioeconomic inequalities. Keywords: intrinsic capacity; healthy ageing; ultra-processed foods; older adults; ELSA-Brasil
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CASTRO, Joice da Silva. Perfil de capacidade intrínseca em pessoas idosas e sua associação com consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados: uma análise transversal do ELSA-Brasil (2017-2019). 2026. 156 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência da Nutrição) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2026.
