Utilização de resíduos agroindustriais no controle biológico de Meloidogyne incognita na soja
Data
2020-02-28
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
Os nematoides parasitam homens, animais e vegetais. Os fitonematoides são pragas responsáveis por perdas de produção significativa na agricultura, estimada em cerca de U$ 100 bilhões de dólares ao ano. A cultura de soja é uma das mais afetadas por esses fitopatógenos, estima-se perdas de 30 a 50% por safra. Os nematoides mais frequentes e prejudiciais tem sido os do gênero Me- loidogyne sp ., conhecidos como nematoides formadores de galhas, causam perdas econômicas em praticamente todas as espécies de plantas cultivadas. Diversas estratégias podem ser empregadas no manejo de nematoides na cultura, entretanto os nematicidas podem causar danos ambientais e à saúde humana. Diante dessas circunstâncias o controle biológico tem ganhado força, dentre eles se destacam os fungos nematófagos, que estão presentes na natureza como antagonistas naturais e conhecidos como agentes destruidores de nematoides. O que confere a ação nematicida desses fungos é que além de poderem parasita-los diretamente através de suas hifas, secretam metabolitos e enzimas com atividade nematicida. Trabalhos recentes do nosso grupo de pesquisa demonstraram que resíduos da produção de cogumelos apresentam um grande potencial nematicida. Estes resultados geraram o pedido de patente número BR10201801585, desde modo avaliou-se a atividade nematicida dos resíduos fungicos in vitro e in vivo contra o M. incognita e estimou-se a atividade enzimática de proteases e quitinases presentes nos resíduos. Elevadas taxas de mortalidades de ovos/juvenis foram observadas na avaliação in vitro , sendo os quatro melhores fungos H. mamoreus, L. edodes, P. ostreatus e P. eryngii testados in vivo , em casa de vegetação. Esses resíduos resultaram em altas taxas de redução no índice de galhas, ovos e juvenis, chegando a 70%, 69,4% e 52%, respectivamente. Além de reduzir a população de nematoides, os fungos diminuíram os danos causados por estes, aumentando a altura e massa da parte aérea, a produção de vagens e a massa fresca da raiz. A aná- lise enzimática demonstrou a presença de quitinases em todos os resíduos.Através dos resultados, pode-se constatar uma alta atividade nematicida dos resíduos de cogumelos, bem como a presença de quitinases. Isso indica que é muito importante uma caracterização dos compostos presentes nesses resíduos e entender melhor a interação de cada fungo com a planta e o nematoide. Palavras-chave: Fitonematoides. Controle biológico. Basidiomicetos. Metabolitos.
Nematodes parasitize men, animals and plants. Phytonematodes are pests responsible for significant production losses in agriculture, estimated at about US $ 100 billion a year. The soybean crop is one of the most affected by these phy- topathogens, estimated losses of 30 to 50% per harvest. The most frequent and harmful nematodes have been those of the genus Meloidogyne sp., Known as gall-forming nematodes, causing economic losses in practically all species of cultivated plants. Several strategies can be used in the management of nema- todes in culture, however nematicides can cause environmental and human health damage. In view of these circumstances, biological control has gained strength, among them the nematophagous fungi, which are present in nature as natural antagonists and known as nematode destroying agents. What gives the nematicidal action of these fungi is that in addition to being able to parasitize them directly through their hyphae, they secrete metabolites and enzymes with nematicidal activity. Recent work by our research group has shown that resi- dues from mushroom production have great nematicidal potential. These results generated patent application number BR10201801585, in this way the nemati- cidal activity of fungal residues was evaluated in vitro and in vivo against M. incognita and the enzymatic activity of proteases and chitinases present in the residues was estimated. High egg / juvenile mortality rates were observed in the in vitro evaluation, with the four best fungi H. mamoreus, L. edodes, P. os- treatus and P. eryngii being tested in vivo, in a greenhouse. These residues resulted in high rates of reduction in the gall, egg and juvenile index, reaching 70%, 69.4% and 52%, respectively. In addition to reducing the nematode popu- lation, fungi reduced the damage caused by them, increasing the height and mass of the aerial part, the production of pods and the fresh mass of the root. The enzymatic analysis demonstrated the presence of chitinases in all residues. Through the results, it is possible to verify a high nematicidal activity of the mushroom residues, as well as the presence of chitinases. This indicates that itis very important to characterize the compounds present in these residues and to better understand the interaction of each fungus with the plant and the nema- tode. Keywords: Phytomatomatoids. Biological control. Basidiomycetes. Metabolites.
Nematodes parasitize men, animals and plants. Phytonematodes are pests responsible for significant production losses in agriculture, estimated at about US $ 100 billion a year. The soybean crop is one of the most affected by these phy- topathogens, estimated losses of 30 to 50% per harvest. The most frequent and harmful nematodes have been those of the genus Meloidogyne sp., Known as gall-forming nematodes, causing economic losses in practically all species of cultivated plants. Several strategies can be used in the management of nema- todes in culture, however nematicides can cause environmental and human health damage. In view of these circumstances, biological control has gained strength, among them the nematophagous fungi, which are present in nature as natural antagonists and known as nematode destroying agents. What gives the nematicidal action of these fungi is that in addition to being able to parasitize them directly through their hyphae, they secrete metabolites and enzymes with nematicidal activity. Recent work by our research group has shown that resi- dues from mushroom production have great nematicidal potential. These results generated patent application number BR10201801585, in this way the nemati- cidal activity of fungal residues was evaluated in vitro and in vivo against M. incognita and the enzymatic activity of proteases and chitinases present in the residues was estimated. High egg / juvenile mortality rates were observed in the in vitro evaluation, with the four best fungi H. mamoreus, L. edodes, P. os- treatus and P. eryngii being tested in vivo, in a greenhouse. These residues resulted in high rates of reduction in the gall, egg and juvenile index, reaching 70%, 69.4% and 52%, respectively. In addition to reducing the nematode popu- lation, fungi reduced the damage caused by them, increasing the height and mass of the aerial part, the production of pods and the fresh mass of the root. The enzymatic analysis demonstrated the presence of chitinases in all residues. Through the results, it is possible to verify a high nematicidal activity of the mushroom residues, as well as the presence of chitinases. This indicates that itis very important to characterize the compounds present in these residues and to better understand the interaction of each fungus with the plant and the nema- tode. Keywords: Phytomatomatoids. Biological control. Basidiomycetes. Metabolites.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Nematoda em plantas - Controle biologico, Basidiomycetes
Citação
OLIVEIRA, Stella Pollyanne. Utilização de resíduos agroindustriais no controle biológico de Meloidogyne incognita na soja. 2020. 60 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica Aplicada) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2020.