A experiência do reganho de peso na perspectiva de pessoas submetidas à cirurgia bariátrica: uma análise fenomenológica
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A obesidade constitui uma condição crônica, multifatorial e recidivante, atravessada por estigma social e por desafios persistentes no cuidado longitudinal. Nesse cenário, a cirurgia bariátrica figura como estratégia terapêutica eficaz para a perda ponderal em casos de obesidade grave; contudo, parte das pessoas vivencia, no longo prazo, o reganho de peso como experiência complexa, frequentemente acompanhada por vergonha, autoculpabilização e evitação do seguimento em saúde. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa — de natureza qualitativa — objetivou compreender as motivações associadas ao reganho de peso na perspectiva de pessoas submetidas à cirurgia bariátrica, buscando identificar motivos relacionados ao ganho de peso prévio ao procedimento, compreender as motivações do reganho no pós-operatório, analisar as relações entre ganho e reganho no cotidiano, apreender a influência das expectativas relativas à cirurgia e compreender como essas pessoas prospectam suas vidas a partir da experiência do reganho. O estudo foi ancorado na Fenomenologia Social de Alfred Schutz, com mobilização dialógica da Teoria da Autodeterminação para qualificar a compreensão de processos motivacionais relacionados ao autocuidado. Participaram 11 pessoas (7 mulheres e 4 homens), com idades entre 36 e 62 anos, submetidas à cirurgia bariátrica e em experiência de reganho de peso, entrevistadas em profundidade entre janeiro e outubro de 2025, em um município do interior de Minas Gerais. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas integralmente e analisadas com auxílio do software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires (IRaMuTeQ), por meio da Classificação Hierárquica Descendente, articulada à interpretação fenomenológica-compreensiva dos depoimentos, distinguindo “motivos porque” e “motivos para”. A pesquisa obteve parecer favorável do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos. A partir das análises, emergiram unidades de significado que evidenciam o reganho como processo situado no mundo da vida: (1) na trajetória pós-bariátrica e na gestão biomédica do cuidado, com tensões relacionadas ao preparo, ao acompanhamento e à centralidade atribuída à cirurgia como solução; (2) na rotina cotidiana e na temporalidade vivida, com alimentação realizada “no automático”, especialmente à noite, sob influência de sobrecargas e desorganização de horários; e (3) em processos psicossociais, marcados por ciclos de autorregulação, recaídas, sofrimento, julgamentos e apoios, os quais podem tanto intensificar a evitação do seguimento quanto sustentar projetos de retomada do autocuidado. Conclui-se que o reganho excede a dimensão corporal e se articula a cotidiano, relações e projetos de vida, demandando acompanhamento longitudinal e abordagens menos culpabilizantes, que favoreçam vínculo, suporte e estratégias compatíveis com as condições concretas de vida no pós-operatório. Como desdobramento, elaborou-se um produto técnico-tecnológico de comunicação — o website “Entrelinhas: Experiências além da balança” — reunindo contos narrativos e episódios em podcast baseados nas entrevistas, com anonimização e edição ética, com finalidade educativa e de divulgação técnico-científica voltada a pessoas no pós-operatório, redes de apoio e profissionais/estudantes da saúde. Palavras-chave: cirurgia bariátrica; cuidados pós-operatórios; estigma do peso; fenomenologia social; reganho de peso.
Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial, and relapsing condition, permeated by social stigma and persistent challenges to long-term care. In this context, bariatric surgery stands out as an effective therapeutic strategy for weight loss in cases of severe obesity; however, over the long term, some individuals experience weight regain as a complex process, often accompanied by shame, self-blame, and avoidance of follow- up care. Accordingly, this qualitative study aimed to understand the motivations associated with weight regain from the perspective of people who underwent bariatric surgery, seeking to identify reasons related to weight gain prior to the procedure, to understand motivations for postoperative weight regain, to analyze how weight gain and weight regain relate in everyday life, to apprehend the influence of expectations regarding surgery, and to understand how these individuals project their lives in light of the experience of weight regain. The study was grounded in Alfred Schutz’s Social Phenomenology, with complementary use of Self-Determination Theory to refine the understanding of motivational processes related to self-care. Eleven participants (7 women and 4 men), aged 36–62 years, who had undergone bariatric surgery and were experiencing weight regain, took part in in-depth interviews conducted between January and October 2025 in a municipality in the interior of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Interviews were audio-recorded, fully transcribed, and analyzed with the support of the Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires (IRaMuTeQ) software, using Descending Hierarchical Classification in conjunction with a phenomenological–interpretive analysis of the accounts, distinguishing “reasons why” and “reasons for.” The study received approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee. The analysis yielded meaning units that highlight weight regain as a process situated in the lifeworld: (1) within the post- bariatric trajectory and the biomedical management of care, revealing tensions related to preparation, follow-up, and the centrality of surgery as a “solution”; (2) within everyday routines and lived temporality, featuring “automatic” eating, especially at night, under the influence of overload and disrupted schedules; and (3) within psychosocial processes, marked by cycles of self-regulation, relapse, suffering, judgments, and support, which may both intensify avoidance of follow-up and sustain projects to resume self-care. The findings indicate that weight regain goes beyond the bodily dimension and is intertwined with everyday life, relationships, and life projects, requiring longitudinal follow-up and less blame-oriented approaches that foster bonding, support, and strategies compatible with the concrete conditions of life after surgery. As an outcome, a technical communication product was developed—the website “Entrelinhas: Experiences Beyond the Scale”—bringing together narrative stories and podcast episodes based on the interviews, with anonymization and ethical editing, for educational and science communication purposes targeted at postoperative individuals, their support networks, and health professionals/students. Keywords: bariatric surgery; postoperative care; social phenomenology; weight regain; weight stigma
Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial, and relapsing condition, permeated by social stigma and persistent challenges to long-term care. In this context, bariatric surgery stands out as an effective therapeutic strategy for weight loss in cases of severe obesity; however, over the long term, some individuals experience weight regain as a complex process, often accompanied by shame, self-blame, and avoidance of follow- up care. Accordingly, this qualitative study aimed to understand the motivations associated with weight regain from the perspective of people who underwent bariatric surgery, seeking to identify reasons related to weight gain prior to the procedure, to understand motivations for postoperative weight regain, to analyze how weight gain and weight regain relate in everyday life, to apprehend the influence of expectations regarding surgery, and to understand how these individuals project their lives in light of the experience of weight regain. The study was grounded in Alfred Schutz’s Social Phenomenology, with complementary use of Self-Determination Theory to refine the understanding of motivational processes related to self-care. Eleven participants (7 women and 4 men), aged 36–62 years, who had undergone bariatric surgery and were experiencing weight regain, took part in in-depth interviews conducted between January and October 2025 in a municipality in the interior of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Interviews were audio-recorded, fully transcribed, and analyzed with the support of the Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires (IRaMuTeQ) software, using Descending Hierarchical Classification in conjunction with a phenomenological–interpretive analysis of the accounts, distinguishing “reasons why” and “reasons for.” The study received approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee. The analysis yielded meaning units that highlight weight regain as a process situated in the lifeworld: (1) within the post- bariatric trajectory and the biomedical management of care, revealing tensions related to preparation, follow-up, and the centrality of surgery as a “solution”; (2) within everyday routines and lived temporality, featuring “automatic” eating, especially at night, under the influence of overload and disrupted schedules; and (3) within psychosocial processes, marked by cycles of self-regulation, relapse, suffering, judgments, and support, which may both intensify avoidance of follow-up and sustain projects to resume self-care. The findings indicate that weight regain goes beyond the bodily dimension and is intertwined with everyday life, relationships, and life projects, requiring longitudinal follow-up and less blame-oriented approaches that foster bonding, support, and strategies compatible with the concrete conditions of life after surgery. As an outcome, a technical communication product was developed—the website “Entrelinhas: Experiences Beyond the Scale”—bringing together narrative stories and podcast episodes based on the interviews, with anonymization and ethical editing, for educational and science communication purposes targeted at postoperative individuals, their support networks, and health professionals/students. Keywords: bariatric surgery; postoperative care; social phenomenology; weight regain; weight stigma
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ROSA, Valéria Lopes de Miranda. A experiência do reganho de peso na perspectiva de pessoas submetidas à cirurgia bariátrica: uma análise fenomenológica. 2026. 85 f. Dissertação (Mestrado Profissional em Ciências da Saúde) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2026.
