Associação entre consumo alimentar e fatores de risco cardiovascular: uma análise a partir do grau de processamento dos alimentos e do potencial inflamatório da dieta - PROCARDIO-UFV
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2019-07-30
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT), em especial as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), estão entre as principais causas de mortalidade. O desenvolvimento dos fatores de risco cardiometabólico está relacionado ao consumo de alimentos caracterizado por um padrão ocidental, constituído por alimentos ultraprocessados e aqueles com o perfil pró-inflamatório. Desse modo, o objetivo foi avaliar a associação do consumo de alimentos de acordo com o grau de processamento e do potencial inflamatório da dieta com fatores de risco cardiometabólico em indivíduos com risco cardiovascular. Tratou-se de estudo transversal, com 325 indivíduos (18 a 84 anos, 135 homens e 190 mulheres) atendidos pelo Programa de Atenção à Saúde Cardiovascular da Universidade Federal de Viçosa – PROCARDIO-UFV (ReBEC, id: RBR- 5n4y2g). Os dados do consumo alimentar foram avaliados por meio de um recordatório 24 h (R24h), em que os alimentos foram classificados de acordo com o grau de processamento pela classificação NOVA, potencial inflamatório mediante cálculo do Índice Inflamatório da Dieta (IID™), Índice de Alimentação Saudável (IAS), pelo método a priori, e padrões alimentares, pelo método a posteriori, sendo este último avaliado por análises de componentes principais (ACP). A partir dos prontuários foram obtidas informações sociodemográficas, antropométricas e de composição corporal, estilo de vida, bioquímicas, da pressão arterial (PA), história clínica e do consumo alimentar. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas nos softwares SPSS, versão 22, e STATA, versão 13, mediante aplicação dos testes adequados a cada hipótese, adotando nível de significância de 5%. Como resultados, quando avaliado o consumo por grau de processamento, a média da ingestão calórica total foi de 54,4% provenientes de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, 8,6% de ingredientes culinários, 11,1% de alimentos processados e 25,9% de alimentos ultraprocessados. Em cada um desses quatro grupos, os alimentos que mais contribuíram foram arroz (9,1%), óleos vegetais (4,3%), pão francês (7,4%) e doces industrializados (5,4%), respectivamente. Observou-se maior consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados entre participantes mulheres, adultos, com maior nível de escolaridade, vivendo sem companheiros e que nunca fumaram. Em relação aos fatores de risco cardiometabólico, o consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados se associoupositivamente com a prevalência de obesidade abdominal avaliada pela RCQ (RP= 1,005; p- valor= 0,049) e perímetro da cintura (PC) (RP= 1,003; p-valor= 0,02), bem como com o colesterol total elevado (RP= 1,008; p-valor= 0,047) após todos os ajustes. Quando observado o consumo por refeições, obteve-se maior consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados no almoço e jantar e de ultraprocessados no café da manhã e lanche da tarde. Por sua vez, quando avaliado o IID, a média deste foi caracterizada por uma dieta neutra (0,15 ± 0,84) correspondente ao segundo tercil, e participantes mulheres, mais jovens e que nunca fumaram tiveram dieta mais pró-inflamatória. Em relação ao risco cardiometabólico e padrões alimentares, a dieta mais pró-inflamatória (IID ≥ 0,45) esteve positivamente associada com aumento da prevalência de excesso de peso (RP= 1,29; 95% IC 1,06-1,58), obesidade abdominal pela relação cintura/quadril (RCQ) (RP= 1,29; 95% IC 1,02-1,64), com uma dieta inadequada avaliada pelo IAS (RP= 1,52; 95% IC 1,15-2,01) e com padrão alimentar “não saudável” (RP= 2,94; 95% IC 1,03-8,35). Ademais, a dieta anti-inflamatória (IID < -0,22) esteve associada ao padrão alimentar “saudável” (RP= 3,71; 95% IC 1,54-8,90) e ao padrão alimentar “lanches saudáveis” (RP= 3,05; 95% IC 1,12-8,32). Conclui-se que o consumo de processados e ultraprocessados e a dieta mais pró-inflamatória estão positivamente associados com o aumento da prevalência de obesidade abdominal, mesmo em indivíduos que já apresentam risco cardiovascular. Estratégias nutricionais direcionadas para prevenção das DCNT, considerando perfil do grupo atendido e tipos de refeição devem ser encorajadas. Palavras-chave: Risco Cardiovascular. Índice Inflamatório da Dieta. Processamento de alimentos. Classificação NOVA.
Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD), especially cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the leading causes of mortality. The development of cardiometabolic risk factors are related to the consumption of foods characterized by a Western dietary pattern, consisting of ultra-processed foods and those with a pro-inflammatory profile. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the association of food consumption according to the degree of processing and the inflammatory potential of the diet with cardiometabolic risk factors in subjects with cardiovascular risk. This cross-sectional study was realized with 325 individuals (18 to 84 years, 135 men and 190 women) attended by the Cardiovascular Health Care Program of the Federal University of Viçosa - PROCARDIO-UFV (ReBEC, id: RBR-5n4y2g). The food consumption data were evaluated by a 24-h dietary recall (R24h), in which the foods were classified according to the degree of processing by the NOVA classification, inflammatory potential by calculation of the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII™), Healthy Eating Index (HEI), a priori method, and dietary patterns, a posteriori method, the latter being evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA). From medical record was obtained information as sociodemographic, anthropometric and body composition, lifestyle, biochemical, blood pressure (BP), clinical history and food consumption. Statistical analyzes were performed using software SPSS version 22 and STATA version 13, using the appropriate tests for each hypothesis, adopting a significance level of 5%. As a result, when evaluated the consumption by degree of processing, the average total caloric intake was 54.4% from unprocessed or minimally processed foods, 8.6% from processed culinary ingredients, 11.1% from processed foods and 25.9% from ultra-processed foods. In each of these four groups, rice (9.1%), vegetable oils (4.3%), French bread (7.4%) and industrialized sweets (5.4%) were the main contributors, respectively. It was observed higher consumption of processed and ultra- processed foods among women, adults, the highly educated, those living without companions and never smoked participants. In relation to cardiometabolic risk factors, the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods was positively associated with the prevalence of abdominal obesity assessed by WHR (RP = 1.005, p-value = 0.049) and waist circumference (WC) (PR =1.003; p-value = 0.02), as well as in those with high total cholesterol (RP = 1.008; p-value = 0.047) after all adjustments. When food consumption was observed according to meal of the day, the consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed foods at lunch and dinner and ultra-processed foods at breakfast and afternoon snacks were obtained. In turn, when evaluated the DII, the mean was characterized by a neutral diet (0.15 ± 0.84), corresponding to the second tertile, and participants women, younger and those who never smoked had a more pro- inflammatory diet. When evaluating cardiometabolic risk and dietary patterns, the most pro- inflammatory diet (DII ≥ 0.45) was positively associated with an increase in the prevalence of excess body weight (PR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.06-1.58), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (PR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.02-1.64), inadequate diet assessed by HEI (PR= 1.52, 95% CI, 1.15-2.01) and “unhealthy” dietary patterns (PR= 2.94; 95% CI 1.03-8.35). While anti-inflammatory diet (DII <-0.22) was associated with a “healthy” dietary pattern (PR= 3.71, 95% CI 1.54-8.90) and “healthy snacks” dietary pattern (PR= 3.05, 95 % CI 1.12-8.32). It is concluded that the consumption of processed and ultra-processed and more pro-inflammatory diet are positively associated with the increased prevalence of abdominal obesity, even in individuals who already present cardiovascular risk. Nutritional strategies directed to the prevention of CNCD, considering the profile of the group attended and types of meal should be encouraged. Keywords: Cardiovascular Risk. Dietary Inflammatory Index. Food processing. NOVA Classification.
Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD), especially cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the leading causes of mortality. The development of cardiometabolic risk factors are related to the consumption of foods characterized by a Western dietary pattern, consisting of ultra-processed foods and those with a pro-inflammatory profile. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the association of food consumption according to the degree of processing and the inflammatory potential of the diet with cardiometabolic risk factors in subjects with cardiovascular risk. This cross-sectional study was realized with 325 individuals (18 to 84 years, 135 men and 190 women) attended by the Cardiovascular Health Care Program of the Federal University of Viçosa - PROCARDIO-UFV (ReBEC, id: RBR-5n4y2g). The food consumption data were evaluated by a 24-h dietary recall (R24h), in which the foods were classified according to the degree of processing by the NOVA classification, inflammatory potential by calculation of the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII™), Healthy Eating Index (HEI), a priori method, and dietary patterns, a posteriori method, the latter being evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA). From medical record was obtained information as sociodemographic, anthropometric and body composition, lifestyle, biochemical, blood pressure (BP), clinical history and food consumption. Statistical analyzes were performed using software SPSS version 22 and STATA version 13, using the appropriate tests for each hypothesis, adopting a significance level of 5%. As a result, when evaluated the consumption by degree of processing, the average total caloric intake was 54.4% from unprocessed or minimally processed foods, 8.6% from processed culinary ingredients, 11.1% from processed foods and 25.9% from ultra-processed foods. In each of these four groups, rice (9.1%), vegetable oils (4.3%), French bread (7.4%) and industrialized sweets (5.4%) were the main contributors, respectively. It was observed higher consumption of processed and ultra- processed foods among women, adults, the highly educated, those living without companions and never smoked participants. In relation to cardiometabolic risk factors, the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods was positively associated with the prevalence of abdominal obesity assessed by WHR (RP = 1.005, p-value = 0.049) and waist circumference (WC) (PR =1.003; p-value = 0.02), as well as in those with high total cholesterol (RP = 1.008; p-value = 0.047) after all adjustments. When food consumption was observed according to meal of the day, the consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed foods at lunch and dinner and ultra-processed foods at breakfast and afternoon snacks were obtained. In turn, when evaluated the DII, the mean was characterized by a neutral diet (0.15 ± 0.84), corresponding to the second tertile, and participants women, younger and those who never smoked had a more pro- inflammatory diet. When evaluating cardiometabolic risk and dietary patterns, the most pro- inflammatory diet (DII ≥ 0.45) was positively associated with an increase in the prevalence of excess body weight (PR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.06-1.58), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (PR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.02-1.64), inadequate diet assessed by HEI (PR= 1.52, 95% CI, 1.15-2.01) and “unhealthy” dietary patterns (PR= 2.94; 95% CI 1.03-8.35). While anti-inflammatory diet (DII <-0.22) was associated with a “healthy” dietary pattern (PR= 3.71, 95% CI 1.54-8.90) and “healthy snacks” dietary pattern (PR= 3.05, 95 % CI 1.12-8.32). It is concluded that the consumption of processed and ultra-processed and more pro-inflammatory diet are positively associated with the increased prevalence of abdominal obesity, even in individuals who already present cardiovascular risk. Nutritional strategies directed to the prevention of CNCD, considering the profile of the group attended and types of meal should be encouraged. Keywords: Cardiovascular Risk. Dietary Inflammatory Index. Food processing. NOVA Classification.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Alimentos consumo, Avaliação de riscos de saúde, Doenças cardiovasculares - Prevenção, Alimentos - Processamento
Citação
MENEGUELLI, Talitha Silva. Associação entre consumo alimentar e fatores de risco cardiovascular: uma análise a partir do grau de processamento dos alimentos e do potencial inflamatório da dieta - PROCARDIO-UFV. 2019. 97 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência da Nutrição) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2019.