Acúmulo de matéria seca e nutrientes em soja, como variável do potencial produtivo
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2013-06-25
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Revista Ceres
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O critério atualmente adotado para a indicação de adubação da soja, embasado no estabelecimento de níveis críticos, tem permitido a obtenção de produtividades médias em torno de 3.600 kg ha-1. Contudo, para a obtenção de produtividades mais elevadas e econômicas, sem prejuízos ao equilíbrio ambiental, deve-se visar à definição de modelos quantitativos que permitam estimar a demanda por nutrientes, em função do potencial de produção almejado. Modelos desta natureza vêm sendo estabelecidos no Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de recomendação de corretivos e fertilizantes, denominados genericamente de FERTCALC® e NUTRICALC®. A partir de um banco de dados, formado pelo monitoramento nutricional de lavouras comerciais em Mato Grosso do Sul, foram estabelecidos modelos matemáticos para a estimativa da demanda nutricional, em função da produtividade e do acúmulo de nutrientes no terceiro trifólio com pecíolo, ou, então, do coeficiente de utilização biológica (CUB). Demonstrou-se que, para uma dada produtividade, o produto da matéria seca da folha índice com os teores de nutrientes, considerados como suficientes para a cultura, resulta no conteúdo nutricional desta, que, por sua vez, apresenta relação com o conteúdo nutricional no caule, folhas, vagens e nos grãos. A quantidade de nutrientes imobilizada na planta de soja também pode ser calculada a partir do quociente entre a produção de grãos e de matéria seca de parte aérea e os valores de CUB estabelecidos. Os métodos propostos permitem estimativa de valores próximos da demanda nutricional pela soja.
The criteria currently adopted for soybean fertilizer recommendation, based on the established of critical levels, has allowed obtaining productivity average around 3600 kg ha-1. However, in order to obtain greater and more profitable yields without harming the environment, it is necessary to establish new quantitative models to estimate correctly the demand for nutrients, depending on the desired production potential. This kind of models has been established in the Department of Soil Science at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, for the development of recommendation systems of fertilizers generically called FERTCALC® and NUTRICALC®. Mathematical models were established from a database formed by nutritional monitoring of commercial crops in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, in order to estimate the nutrient demand. In these mathematical models, the nutrient demand was a function of potential of production and of nutrient accumulation in the third leaflet with petiole or as a function of the coefficient of biological use (CUB). It was found that, given a certain grain yield, the product between the dry matter of the index leaf and the nutrient levels considered as sufficient or great for the soybean crop results in its nutritional status; this last one is related to the nutritional status of stems, petioles, leaflet, pods and grains. The amount of nutrients in soybean plants can also be calculated by the ratio between grain yield and dry matter of shoot and established values of CUB. The proposed methods allow the estimation of values close to the nutritional demand for soybeans.
The criteria currently adopted for soybean fertilizer recommendation, based on the established of critical levels, has allowed obtaining productivity average around 3600 kg ha-1. However, in order to obtain greater and more profitable yields without harming the environment, it is necessary to establish new quantitative models to estimate correctly the demand for nutrients, depending on the desired production potential. This kind of models has been established in the Department of Soil Science at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, for the development of recommendation systems of fertilizers generically called FERTCALC® and NUTRICALC®. Mathematical models were established from a database formed by nutritional monitoring of commercial crops in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, in order to estimate the nutrient demand. In these mathematical models, the nutrient demand was a function of potential of production and of nutrient accumulation in the third leaflet with petiole or as a function of the coefficient of biological use (CUB). It was found that, given a certain grain yield, the product between the dry matter of the index leaf and the nutrient levels considered as sufficient or great for the soybean crop results in its nutritional status; this last one is related to the nutritional status of stems, petioles, leaflet, pods and grains. The amount of nutrients in soybean plants can also be calculated by the ratio between grain yield and dry matter of shoot and established values of CUB. The proposed methods allow the estimation of values close to the nutritional demand for soybeans.
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Demanda nutricional, Folha índice, Coeficiente de utilização biológica