Além da mortalidade: produtos vegetais e alvos estratégicos em colônias de formigas-cortadeiras
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
As formigas-cortadeiras dos gêneros Atta e Acromyrmex constituem importantes pragas de sistemas agrícolas e florestais, cuja complexa organização social e dependência do fungo simbionte Leucoagaricus gongylophorus dificultam o desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle. Nesse contexto, produtos de origem vegetal representam fontes promissoras de substâncias com potencial inseticida e fungicida. Esta tese teve como objetivo geral avaliar o potencial de produtos de origem vegetal para o controle de formigas-cortadeiras, integrando a síntese das evidências disponíveis e a investigação experimental de atividades inseticida e fungicida. No primeiro capítulo, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática e meta-análises sobre a atividade de fitoquímicos contra formigas-cortadeiras dos gêneros Atta e Acromyrmex e o fungo simbionte L. gongylophorus. Foram incluídos 48 estudos, que apresentaram ampla diversidade de produtos, organismos-alvo e abordagens experimentais. As evidências indicaram atividade inseticida e fungicida dos fitoquímicos, incluindo efeitos letais e subletais sobre as formigas e inibição do crescimento e da biomassa do fungo. Entretanto, observou-se elevada heterogeneidade entre os estudos e limitada disponibilidade de informações quantitativas para alguns parâmetros, especialmente os relacionados à atividade fungicida. No segundo capítulo, foram avaliados os efeitos inseticidas e fungicidas dos óleos essenciais de Salix babylonica, Eugenia uniflora, Melaleuca viminalis, Zingiber officinale e Piper nigrum sobre operárias forrageadoras e jardineiras de Atta sexdens e Acromyrmex subterraneus, além de L. gongylophorus. Os óleos apresentaram diferentes perfis químicos, predominantemente constituídos por mono e sesquiterpenos, e as respostas variaram conforme a espécie, a casta e o óleo avaliado. De modo geral, as jardineiras apresentaram respostas mais evidentes à exposição aos óleos essenciais. O óleo de Z. officinale apresentou atividade fungicida em concentrações elevadas, enquanto o óleo de M. viminalis destacou-se pela maior toxicidade sobre operárias jardineiras, particularmente em comparação às forrageadoras. No terceiro capítulo, foi investigado o potencial inseticida de extratos foliares de Tropaeolum majus sobre operárias forrageadoras e jardineiras de A. sexdens. Entre os oito extratos avaliados, aqueles obtidos com acetato de etila, butanol e metanol apresentaram maior atividade e foram selecionados para os ensaios de concentração–resposta. A redução da concentração foi acompanhada por diminuição da intensidade da atividade inseticida, embora os extratos tenham mantido efeito sobre as operárias nas menores concentrações avaliadas. O fracionamento biomonitorado foi direcionado à amostra de maior atividade, sendo selecionada a fração 7–11 do extrato de butanol para investigação química. Essa fração apresentou aproximadamente 45% de ésteres, com destaque para o palmitato de etila e o linoleato de etila, que também foram identificados em proporções relevantes no biodiesel utilizado em bioensaio complementar, associado a aproximadamente 80% de mortalidade. Em conjunto, os resultados demonstram o potencial de produtos de origem vegetal como fontes de substâncias com atividade sobre formigas-cortadeiras e seu fungo simbionte, além de evidenciarem a importância de considerar a diversidade química dos produtos, as diferenças entre castas e os diferentes componentes envolvidos na manutenção das colônias. Palavras-chave: formigas-cortadeiras; fitoquímicos; produtos de origem vegetal; atividade inseticida; atividade fungicida; Leucoagaricus gongylophorus.
Leaf-cutting ants of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex are important pests in agricultural and forestry systems. Their complex social organization and dependence on the symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus make the development of effective control strategies particularly challenging. In this context, plant-derived products represent promising sources of compounds with insecticidal and fungicidal potential. The overall objective of this thesis was to evaluate the potential of plant- derived products for controlling leaf-cutting ants by integrating a synthesis of available evidence with experimental investigations into their insecticidal and fungicidal activities. In the first chapter, a systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted on the activity of phytochemicals against leaf-cutting ants of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex and their symbiotic fungus, L. gongylophorus. A total of 48 studies were included, encompassing a wide diversity of products, target organisms, and experimental approaches. The available evidence indicated insecticidal and fungicidal activity of phytochemicals, including lethal and sublethal effects on ants and inhibition of fungal growth and biomass. However, significant heterogeneity among studies and limited availability of quantitative information for some parameters were observed, particularly those related to fungicidal activity. In the second chapter, the insecticidal and fungicidal effects of essential oils from Salix babylonica, Eugenia uniflora, Melaleuca viminalis, Zingiber officinale, and Piper nigrum were evaluated against forager and gardener workers of Atta sexdens and Acromyrmex subterraneus, as well as against L. gongylophorus. The essential oils exhibited distinct chemical profiles, predominantly composed of mono- and sesquiterpenes, and the responses varied according to ant species, worker caste, and the oil evaluated. Overall, gardener workers exhibited more pronounced responses to essential oil exposure. Zingiber officinale essential oil showed fungicidal activity at high concentrations, whereas M. viminalis essential oil exhibited the greatest toxicity to gardener workers, particularly when compared with foragers. In the third chapter, the insecticidal potential of leaf extracts of Tropaeolum majus was investigated against forager and gardener workers of A. sexdens. Among the eight extracts evaluated, those obtained with ethyl acetate, butanol, and methanol exhibited the greatest activity and were selected for concentration–response assays. Decreasing concentrations were accompanied by reduced insecticidal activity, although the extracts remained active against workers even at the lowest concentrations tested. Bioassay-guided fractionation was performed using the most active sample, and fraction 7–11 of the butanol extract was selected for chemical investigation. This fraction contained approximately 45% esters, with ethyl palmitate and ethyl linoleate as major constituents. These compounds were also identified in substantial proportions in the biodiesel used in a complementary bioassay, which was associated with approximately 80% mortality. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of plant-derived products as sources of compounds active against leaf-cutting ants and their symbiotic fungus, while also highlighting the importance of considering product chemical diversity, differences among worker castes, and the different components involved in colony maintenance. Keywords: leaf-cutting ants; phytochemicals; plant-derived products; insecticidal activity; fungicidal activity; Leucoagaricus gongylophorus.
Leaf-cutting ants of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex are important pests in agricultural and forestry systems. Their complex social organization and dependence on the symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus make the development of effective control strategies particularly challenging. In this context, plant-derived products represent promising sources of compounds with insecticidal and fungicidal potential. The overall objective of this thesis was to evaluate the potential of plant- derived products for controlling leaf-cutting ants by integrating a synthesis of available evidence with experimental investigations into their insecticidal and fungicidal activities. In the first chapter, a systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted on the activity of phytochemicals against leaf-cutting ants of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex and their symbiotic fungus, L. gongylophorus. A total of 48 studies were included, encompassing a wide diversity of products, target organisms, and experimental approaches. The available evidence indicated insecticidal and fungicidal activity of phytochemicals, including lethal and sublethal effects on ants and inhibition of fungal growth and biomass. However, significant heterogeneity among studies and limited availability of quantitative information for some parameters were observed, particularly those related to fungicidal activity. In the second chapter, the insecticidal and fungicidal effects of essential oils from Salix babylonica, Eugenia uniflora, Melaleuca viminalis, Zingiber officinale, and Piper nigrum were evaluated against forager and gardener workers of Atta sexdens and Acromyrmex subterraneus, as well as against L. gongylophorus. The essential oils exhibited distinct chemical profiles, predominantly composed of mono- and sesquiterpenes, and the responses varied according to ant species, worker caste, and the oil evaluated. Overall, gardener workers exhibited more pronounced responses to essential oil exposure. Zingiber officinale essential oil showed fungicidal activity at high concentrations, whereas M. viminalis essential oil exhibited the greatest toxicity to gardener workers, particularly when compared with foragers. In the third chapter, the insecticidal potential of leaf extracts of Tropaeolum majus was investigated against forager and gardener workers of A. sexdens. Among the eight extracts evaluated, those obtained with ethyl acetate, butanol, and methanol exhibited the greatest activity and were selected for concentration–response assays. Decreasing concentrations were accompanied by reduced insecticidal activity, although the extracts remained active against workers even at the lowest concentrations tested. Bioassay-guided fractionation was performed using the most active sample, and fraction 7–11 of the butanol extract was selected for chemical investigation. This fraction contained approximately 45% esters, with ethyl palmitate and ethyl linoleate as major constituents. These compounds were also identified in substantial proportions in the biodiesel used in a complementary bioassay, which was associated with approximately 80% mortality. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of plant-derived products as sources of compounds active against leaf-cutting ants and their symbiotic fungus, while also highlighting the importance of considering product chemical diversity, differences among worker castes, and the different components involved in colony maintenance. Keywords: leaf-cutting ants; phytochemicals; plant-derived products; insecticidal activity; fungicidal activity; Leucoagaricus gongylophorus.
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GRAEBIN, Andressa. Além da mortalidade: produtos vegetais e alvos estratégicos em colônias de formigas-cortadeiras. 2026. 135 f. Tese (Doutorado em Entomologia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2026.
